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A Dissertation upon
English Typographical Founders

and Founderies

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A DISSERTATION
UPON
English Typographical Founders

And Founderies

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BY
Epwarpb Rowe Mores
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With Appendix by ‘ohn Nichols
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Copyright, 1924, by the Grolier Club of the City of New York

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PREFACE

DWARD Rowe Mores’ “ Dissertation upon Typo-
H graphical Founders and Foundertes,” with the notes

added to it by ‘fohn Nichols in 1779, has been, ever
since it was issued, an important document in the history of
English type-founding and printing; it 1s very often quoted,
and its title 1s familiar to students of English typography.
Yet as a whole the Dissertation is known to few, partly
because of tts rarity, partly because of the discouraging typo-
graphical form in which it was cast,—due to mannerisms
of abbreviation and type-setting no doubt insisted on by
its author,—and finally (to quote a passage prefatory to
a famous colleétion of traéiates), because “among the vari-
ous Labours of Literary Men, there have always been cer-
tain Fragments whofe Size could not fecure them a general
Exemption from the Wreck of Time, which the tntrinfic
Merit entitled them to furvive.””’

With the present reprint of the Dissertation, it has been
thought desirable to include Richard Gough’s contemporary
Memoir of Mores, and the notes and the genealogical table
of the Mores family that accompanied tt. I have myself con-
tributed some supplementary gleanings which illustrate the
character, if they do not much enhance the reputation, of our
author. Thus these disjetia membra “by uniting together
defend themfelves from Oblivion, form a Phalanx that
may withfiand every Attack from the Critic to the Chee/e-
monger, and contribute to the Ornament as well as Value
of Libraries.”

The English translation of the second letter to the Supe-
rior of the Convent at Rouen, which so cleverly imitates
Mores’ English style, 1s the work of Mr. Francis K. Ball,

of

vi PRERPACE

of Boston. For transcripts of several letters in the British
Museum relating to Mores, two of which I have quoted,
I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Stanley Morison of
London.

A full-length figure of Mores in academical dress, stand-
ing in a Gothic library, was engraved by Ff. Mynde (an
engraver much patronized by Mores) after a portrait by Van
Bleek. An entirely different portrait— the head only —in
a small oval, framed in a decorative cartouche, was also
engraved by Mynde. The portrait in this book is reproduced
(without the cartouche) from a copy of the latter print in
my possession; and the title-pages from the Specimen and
Catalogue are also reproduced from copies belonging to me.
The fac-similes of types represent the principal divisions
of the Specimen and are grouped as closely as possible to
the pages of the Dissertation recording them. The page of
“flowers, however, illustrates some paragraphs occurring
earlier, that describe their various forms.

While Mores’ eccentric methods of printing the Dis-
sertation have been closely followed, I have allowed myself
some slight latitude in the typographical arrangement of cer-
tain portions — notably in the final synopsis of types, which
in the original edition was not printed like similar passages
in earler pages, butin type which, up to that point, had been
used only for foot-notes. Except for this, the Dissertation and
its reprint practically run page for page. The Appendix I
have not attempted to confine to the space that Nichols al-
lowed for tt, but have set his notes in a larger type, making
what may not be very readable, at least more legible.

D. B. U.

The Merrymount Press, Boston
June, 1924

Table of Contents

Memoirs of Edward Rowe Mores, D.D., F.s.A. By
‘Richard Gough

Notes supplementary to Gough’s Memoirs of Mores.
By Daniel Berkeley Updike

A Dissertation upon English Typographical Founders
and Founderies. By Edward ‘Rowe eres, A.M., A.8.8.

Appendix of Notes to the Dissertation. By ‘Fohn Nichols

PAGE

X1X

x

e- ed ato
Pid oa

raha

MEMOIRS OF THE AUTHOR

BY RICHARD GOUGH

DWARD-ROWE Morss, M.A. F.S. A. de-
{cended from an antient family, which had been
feated from the beginning of the fixteenth century at
Great Coxwell*, in the county of Berks, and allied
by his grand-mother to that of Rowe, which had been
fettled at Higham-Benfted in Walthamftow, in the
county of Effex, ever fince the middle of the fame
century, was born January 13, 1730, at Tunftall
in

*' Thomas Mores.

Francis Mores.= Margaret De la Moor.

Thomas, died Margaret, born Elizabeth, born Dulcibella, died
1654. Nov. 2,1654. June 25,1658. March, 1675.

Another branch of this family was feated at Langford in the fame
county, from 1552 to 1602. Excerpta ex Regiftris paroch. p. E. R.
Mores, among his Coxwell collections, in the hands of Mr. Gough,
who has alfo fix plates engraved at his expence for a hiftory of this
parifh.

t Higham-Benfted manor, in Walthamftow parifh, was the feat
of the Rowe’s from 1568, when it was purchafed by Sir Thomas
Rowe, lord mayor of London that year, who died 1570%, and was
buried in Hackney church in a chapel built by him, as was alfo his
fon Sir Henry, lord mayor of London 1607, who died 1612, and
his grandfon Henry, all fucceffively lords of the manor of Shakle-
well. Sufan daughter of the laft Henry married William Haliday,

@ Morant’s Effex, I. 35. He married Mary daughter of Sir ‘fohn, and coufin to
Sir Thomas Grefbam ; Robert his younger fon was father to Sir Thomas Rowe am-
bafjador from Fames I. to the Mogul and the Porte, who died 1644, and is buried at
WF oodford,

alderman

y MEMOIRS

in Kent, where his father was rector for near 30
years.

alderman of London and chairman of the Eaft India company, who
died 1623, and was buried in St. Lawrence Jewry with his wife
(who died 1645) and two daughters. (Strype’s Survey of London,
I. b. 3. p. §7.) Their four monuments, and a view of Higham hall,
were engraved at the expence of Mr. Mores, whofe grandmother was
of this family.

In the north aile of Walthamftow church isa family vault of the
Mores and Rowes, over which are thefe infcriptions on flat ftones:

Here lyeth the body of Mrs. || Catherine Rowe fifter to Mrs. || Ann
Mores mentioned on the || adjacent monument; who departed || this
life Nov. 10 1737. || She by her laft will & teftament || ordered to
be buried near to the || grave of her faid dear fifter, and to || have in-
{cribed on her tomb ftone|| the prayer of the humble Publican || Luke
xvill. 13.|| God be merciful to me a finner.

On the top of the ftone a quatrefoil in a lozenge. Rowe.

On an oval marble monument againft the fouth fide of the north
aile is this inscription:

Near this place || lyeth interred the body || of Miftrefs Anne Mores
daugh-||ter of Robert Rowe Efq. the eldeft || furviving fon of Sir ~
William Rowe of || Higham Hill in this parifh Knight. She || was
married to Edward Mores of Great || Coxwell in the county of Berks,
Gent, by || whome fhe had four children, but of them |] only remains
her entirely devoted & af-||fectionate fon Edward Reétor of Tunftall
in|| Kent, who in memory of her, the moft tender||and indulgent yet
prudent and beft of Mothers||exemplary for all the duties of a truly
humble||devout & zealous chriftian, hath ere¢ted||this monument. ||
She died at the parfonage of 'Tunftall|| aforefaid, Jan. the fifth A. D.
MDCCXXIV. aged || LXXVII years & XI days. || Pfalm xxxv. 14.
I went heavily as one || that mourneth for his mother.

Here alfo lyes the body of the above named Edward |] Mores who
died on the 8" day of April 1740 in Grace || Church ftreet London
& whofe efpecial defire || it was to be buried in the fame grave with
his || faid deareft mother.

In a lozenge, Mores impaling Rowe.

On a brafs plate fet in ftone againft the wall of the Monox chapel
at Walthamftow is this infcription, with the arms of Rowe:

“‘Gulielmus Rowe dé Higham hill in comitatu Effex, generofus,
Thomz Rowe militis filius natu tertius, Oxonii in Collegio Mer-
ton optimarum artium ftudiis preclare inftitutus cum fumma laude,
non folum domi magiftri in artibus adeptus eft dignitatem, fed etiam
foris in Germania & Gallia ob f{ummam eruditionem et pietatem,
viris eruditis, precipue autem Immanueli Tremellio & Theodoro

Bezz

MEMOIRS x1

years*. He was educated at Merchant Taylor’s School;
and admitted a commoner of Queen’s College, Ox-
ford, June 24, 1746. While he refided at Oxford,
1746, he affifted in correcting an edition of Calafio’s

Bezz longe chariffimus fuit. In matrimonium duxit Annam Cheyney
de Chefham Boys in comitatu Buckingham armigeri filiam. Bene-
ficus erat in pauperes, et in omnes pro facultatibus fuis hofpitalis.
Pacem et coluit ipfe & aliis ut eam mutuis officiis confirmaret auctor
fuit. Quum pecunia ad ufus publicos exigeretur, ne major quam pro
rata portione vicinis fuis imperaretur diligenter curavit, et imperate
ne tenuiores exhauriri fequeretur bonam partem ipfe diffolvit: de-
nique et fuis et alienis vere pietatis & virtutis exemplar propofuit.
Demum vite honefte et pie tranfacte parem fortitus exitum, ipfi
jucundum, amicis et vicinis luctuofum, Junii 29° die obiit 1596.
Thoma patre fatus, Gulielmus Rotis eodem
Qui Londinenfi Pretor in urbe fuit,
Notus homo patriis, externis notus in oris,
Tanta doétrina cognitione fuit.
Pacis amans, Pietatis amans, populoque benignus,
Cui loculus nullo tempore claufus erat.
Natis quinque Pater, natabus quatuor : ifto
Commifit moriens offa tegenda folo.

* See, an account of him, p. 58. [‘ History and Antiquities of Tun-
“ftall.” ] He married the fifter of Mr. W ind{or, an eminent undertaker,”
in Union Court, Broad Street. His father was Edward Mores of Great
Coxwell, in the county of Berks, where his grandfather Francis died,
and is buried in the chancel, on the fouth wall of which the following
epitaph is erected to his and his wife’s memory:

Here lieth the body of || Margret the loveing || wife of Francis
Mores of || Great Coxwell Gentleman. || Shee wase the mother of ten||
children, viz. four fonns, || fix daughters, and the || two and twenty
child of || Francis Moore of Clanfield in the || county of Oxford, efq.
and of || Mary his wife. she deceafed || ‘This life in hope of a better ||
The eleventh day of Septemllber in the yeare of our || Lord God
1675. .

t Mr. Mores had made a few colleétions for a hiftory of this fchool, and
lifts of perfons educated there. A view of it was engraved by Mynde,
in 1756, for Maitland’s edition of ‘ Stowe’s Survey,” 1756, infcribed

“Scholz Mercatorum Scifforum Lond. facies orientalis. Negatam
“(4 Patronis D. Scholaris, Edy. Rowe Mores, arm. A. M.S. A. 8.”

4 [Used as an equivalent of “ contrafor.” D. B. U.]
Concordance

ii MEMOIRS

Concordance*, intended by Jacob Ilivet, a crazy
printer, who afterwards aflociated with the Rev. Wil-
liam Romaine, and publifhed this Concordance in 4
volumes folio, 174.7. Before he was twenty, Mr. Mores
publifhed at Oxford in 4to. 1748, “Nomina & In-
“fignia gentilitia Nobilium Equitumque fub Edvardo
“primo rege militantium;” the oldeft treafure, as he
ftyles it, of our nobility after Domefdayand the Black
Book of the Exchequer. He had alfo printed, except
notes and preface, a new edition in 8vo. of Dionyfius
Halicarnafienfis “de claris Rhetoribus,” with vignettes
engraved by Green, the few copies of which were fold
after his death. In 1752 he printed in half a 4to. fheet,
fome corrections made by Junius in his own copy of
his edition of Cedmon’s Saxon paraphrafe of Gene-
fis, and other parts of the Old Teftament, Amftelod.
1655; and in 1754 he engraved 15 of the drawings
from the MS. in the Bodleian Library. The title of
thefe plates 1s “Figure quadam antique ex Ced-
“monis monachi paraphrafeos in Genefim exemplari
“pervetufto in bibliotheca Bodleiana adfervato delin-
“eate;ad Anglo-Saxonum mores, ritus, atque edificia
“feculi, preecipue decimt, illuftranda in lucem editee.
“Anno Domini Mopcctiv.” Thefe plates are now in
the poffeffion of Mr. Gough.

In 1752 he was elected a member of the Society of
Antiquaries, and two years after was one of a com-
mittee for examining the Minute-books of that foci-
ety, with a view to felecting from thence papers proper
for publication. {

Being intended for orders by his father, he took

* See his “ Differtation on Founders,” p. 64.
t Of whom, fee more in the Anecdotes of Mr. Bowyer, 4to. p. 130.

ft A more numerous committee were appointed for the fame pur-
pofe 1762. But ftill the publication lingered till 1770, when the firft
volume of the Archzologia appeared. Many valuable Differtations
and Communications ftill remain unfelected from the early Minute-
books. | the

MEMOIRS XIii

the degrees of B. A. May 12,1750, and M. A. Jan.
15, 1753; before which time he had formed confid-
erable collections relative to the Antiquities, &c. of
Oxford, and particularly to thofe of his own college,
whofe archives he arranged, and made large extracts
from, with a view to its hiftory. He had engraved
three plates of the Black Prince’s apartments there,
fince pulled down, drawn and engraved by that very
ingenious artift B. Green. Twenty-eight drawings
at his expence, by the fame hand, of antient gates,
halls, &c. fince ruined or taken down, are now in the
poffeffion of Mr. Gough, as alfo fome collections for
a Hiftory of Godftow nunnery, by Mr. Mores, for
which a plate of its ruins was engraved, and another
of Iffey church*. His MSS. relative to his own Col-
lege, with his collections about All Souls College, fell
after his death into the hands of Mr. Aftle, who has
prefented the former to Mr. Price of the Bodleian
Library.

Mr. Mores appears to have affifted Mr. Bilfon in
his burlefque on the latter fociety, publifhed in a folio
fheet, intituled, “ Propofals for printing by fubfcrip-
“tion, the hiftory of the Mallardians,” treating them
as a fet of ftupid don vivans; at leaft he may be pre-
fumed to have contributed the prints of a cat faid to
have been ftarved in their library, and of two antient
grotef{que butts carved on the fouth wall of the college,
the plates of which were in his poffeffion.

* Other plates engraved at Mr. Mores’ expence were four of an-
tique feals, two filver coins of Richard and John, found in digging
the foundation of the new town-hall at Oxford. Thefe coins are in-
{cribed 10HAaEs - ---- Rev. --- ONETA MERIIARI --- Ici --- Rev.
MONETA MERTVN 3; and are now in the hands of Mr. Burrell. A feal
found near Canterbury in the poffeffion of Edward Jacob, mayor
of Feverfham, 1750; another of Dunfcroft, cell to Roche abbey in
the county of York, in the hands of Mr. Warburton; another of
William Bate, mafter of St. John Baptift’s hofpital, near the old
caftle at Carlifle, in those of Dr. Ducarel.

When

X1V MEMOIRS

When Mr. Mores left the univerfity he went
abroad, and is reported to have taken orders; but
whether this tradition has any better foundation than
his affectation of wearing his academical habit, and
calling it that of a Dominican friar, we do not pretend
to vouch. It has been faid that he entered into dea-
con’s orders in the church of England, to exempt him-
felf from ferving civil offices. Thus much however is
certain, that in the letters of adminiftration granted
to his fon, on his dying inteftate, he is ftyled “the
“Rev. Edward-Rowe Mores, D. D.”’ but from what
bifhop he received ordination we have not yet dif-
covered. On his return to London, he refided fome
years in the Heralds’ College, intending to have be-
come a member of that Society, for which he was ex-
tremely well qualified by his great knowledge and {kill
in heraldic matters; but altering his plan, he retired
about 1760 to Low-Leyton, in which village he had re-
fided fome time before, and while he was churchwar-
den there confiderably improved the church. Here,
on an eftate left him by his father, he built a whimfical
houfe on a plan, it 1s faid, of one in France.

In 1759 he circulated queries for a parochial Hif-
tory of Berkfhire, but made no confiderable progrefs.
His collections on that fubject are now in the poffef-
fion of Mr. Gough.

The Equitable Society for affurance on lives and
{urvivorfhip by annuities of 10ol. increafing to the
furvivors, in fix clafles of ages from 1 to 10—10 to
20—20 to 30—30 to 40—40 to so— 50 to the ex-
tremity of life, owes its exiftence to Mr. Mores. It
had been firft fuggefted and recommended in lectures
in 1756, by Mr. James Dodfon, mathematical matter
at Chrift’s hofpital, and author of the “ Mathematical
“Repofitory,” who had been refufed admiffion into the
Amicable Society on account of his age; but he dying
November 23,1757, before his defign was completed,

except

MEMOIRS ce

except the plan of reimburfement to him and his 54
affociates, Mr. Mores undertook to apply for a char-
ter in 1761, but failing of fuccefs, he, with 16 more of
the original fub{cribers, refolved to perfevere in eftab-
lifhing their fociety by deed. It was hereby provided
that Mr. Mores fhould be perpetual! director, with an
annuity of tool. He drew up and publifhed in 1765,
“A fhort account of the Society,” in 8vo. (of which a
feventh edition with additions was printed in 1767),
“The Plan and Subftance of the Deed of Settlement,”
“The Statutes,” “Precedents of fundry Inftruments
“relating to the Conftitution and Practice of the So-
“ciety, London, 1766,” 8vo. The “deed of fettlement,
“and the declaration of truft, 1768,” “A lift of the
“policies and other inftruments of the fociety, as well
“seneral as fpecial,” 8vo; but fome difputes arifing
between Mr. Mores and the original members of this
fociety, he feparated from them that year. There were
printed, “Papers relating to the difputes with the
“charter fund proprietors in the Equitable Society,
‘“‘by order of a general court held the 3d day of No-
“vember, 1767, for the ufe of thofe affured on the
“lives of others, who fhall apply for the fame, 1769,”
8vo. This fociety ftill fubfifts, and their office is in
Bride-ftreet, near Black-Friars bridge, to which it was
removed from Nicholas lane, Lombard ftreet, 1775 *.

* It affures any fums or reverfionary annuities on any lives, for any
number of years, as well as for the whole continuance of the lives, at
rates fettled by particular calculations, and in any manner that may
be beft adapted to the views of the perfons affured: that is, either by
making the affured fums payable certainly at the failure of any given
number of lives, or on condition of furvivorfhip, and alfo by taking
the price of the affurance in one prefent payment, or in annual pay-
ments, during any fingle or joint lives, or any terms lefs than the
whole continuance of the lives. The plan of this fociety is fo exten-
_ five and important, that, if due care is taken, it may prove a very
great public benefit. Price on Reverfionary Payments, 1771, p. 128,
who propofes fome improvements on this plan.

All

XVI MEMOIRS

All Mr. Mores’s papers on this fubject are now in
the hands of Mr. Aftle.

In the latter part of life, Mr. Mores (who had long
turned his thoughts to the fubject of early Printing)
began to correct the ufeful publication of Mr. Ames*.
On the death of Mr. John James of Bartholomew
Clofe (the laft of the old race of letter-founders) in
June, 1772, Mr. Mores purchafed all the curious parts
of that immenfe collection of punches, matrices, and
types, which had been accumulating from the days of
Wynkyn de Worde to thofe of Mr. James. From
thefe a large fund of entertainment would probably
have been given to the curious, if the life of Mr. Mores
had been prolonged. His intentions may be judged
of from his valuable “ Differtation on Typographical
“Founders and Founderies.” As no more than 80
copies of it were printed, it will at leaft be confidered
as a typographical curiofity. Mr. Nichols, who pur-
chafed the whole impreffion, has fubjoined a {mall
Appendix to it.

Mr. Mores was a moft indefatigable collector, and
poffeffed great application in the early part of his life,
but in the latter part gave himfelf up to habits of neg-
ligence and diffipation, which brought him to his end
by a mortification in the 49th year of his age, at his
houfe at Low Leyton, Nov. 28, 1778. His large col-
lection of curious MSS. and valuable library of books
were fold by auction by Mr. Paterfon in Auguft fol-
lowing. Of the former his “ Hiftory and Antiquities of
“Tunftall in Kent,” the only papers that were com-
pleted for the prefs, and for which he had engraved a
fet of plates out of the many drawings taken at his ex-
pence, was purchafed at the fale by Mr. Nichols, who

has now given it to the publick as a {pecimen of paro-

* Mr. Nichols has a tranfcript of his few corre¢tions on that book.

t Several Vifitations of Kent, with large additions by Mr. Mores,
were purchafed by Mr. Hatted. chial

MEMOIRS XVII

chial antiquities, which will fhew the ideas of this in-
duftrious Antiquary, and his endeavour to make even
the minuteft record fubfervient to the great plan of
national hiftory. Several books of Englifh antiquities
with his MS. notes, and the moft valuable part of fuch
of the MSS.* and {carce tracts as relate to our local
antiquities, were purchafed by Mr. Gough. Mr. Aftle
purchafed his epitome of the Regifters of the See of
Canterbury, preferved in the Archiepifcopal Library
at Lambeth, beginning with the firft Regifter called
Peckham, A. D. 1279, and ending with that of Arch-
bifhop Tenifon in 1710; and his “ Excerpta ex Regif-
“tris Cur. Preerog. Cantuar.”’ 3 vols. 8vo; vol. I. con-
taining extracts from wills in the Prerogative-office,
from 1385 to1533; vol. II. extracts from 1533 to 1561;
vol. III. extracts from 1592 to 1660. To the firft vol-
ume is prefixed a learned and curious differtation con-
cerning the authority of the Prerogative Court, with
the names of the feveral Regifters. Mr. Aftle has
alfo his catalogue of the Rolls preferved in the Lam-
beth library, made in the year 1758; his collections for
the Hiftory and Antiquities of the City of Salifbury,
containing feveral curious particulars and tran{cripts
of records, &c. with fome fhort Annals of the Univer-
fity of Oxford, from 1066 to 1310; anda MS. in Latin
intitled “De #lfrico Archiepifcopo Dorovernenfi
“<Commentarius. Auctore Edwardo-Rowe Mores,

“A.M. Soc. Antig. Lond. Soc.” This laft MS. is in

* Among thefe laft were imperfect alphabetical lifts of incumbents
in Canterbury and Rochefter diocefes, fome corporation rentals for
Salifbury, fome other colle¢tions for which place, and feveral rolls of
ancient deeds, were bought by Mr. ‘Topham: the originals of Bat-
teley’s “‘Antiquitates Rutupine,”’ Ballard’s “‘ Memoirs of illuftrious
“<Ladies,” &c. Among the former, Browne Willis’s “ Mitred Ab-
“bies,” and Dr. Tanner’s “ Notitia Monafticta.”

t By his intimacy with the late Mr. St. Eloy, one of the regifters of
the prerogative court, he got accefs to that office, and had thereby an
opportunity of drawing up the above learned account.

the

XVil1 MEMOIRS

the hand-writing of Mr. Mores, and feems to have
been intended for publication. It contains ten chap-
ters; the firft feven relate to Archbifhop Aélfric; Cap.
8. is intitled “‘ De Aélfrico Bata;” Cap. 9. “ De Alfrico
“ Abbate Meildunenfi;” Cap. 10. “ De allis Aélfricis.”
An Appendix is fubjoined, containing tranfcripts of
Saxon charters and extracts from hiftorians concerning
Archbifhop A‘lfric.

Mr. Mores married Sufannah daughter of Mr.
Bridgman, an eminent grocer in Whitechapel, who
was before his father-in-law by having married the
widow of his father. By this lady, who died in 1767, and
lies buried in the church yard at Walthamftow with
the infcription given below*, he had a daughter, Sarah,
married in 1774 to Mr. John Davis, houfe painter at
Walthamftow, who died before her father; and a fon,
E.dward-Rowe, married in 1779 to Mifs Spence. Mr.
Mores’ only fifter was married in 1756 to Mr. John
Warburton, (fon of the late antiquary and Somerfet
herald John Warburton, efq.) who has refided at Dub-
lin many years, and is now purfuivant of the court of
exchequer in [reland.

*Sufanne Mores, || Annorum triginta feptem liberorum binorum
matri || amantiflime, fidelifime, dileCtifime. || Conjugi ||fupremum
mariti donum || Mitem placide reddidit animam || Dereli€tum ||
Luu || Fide folum leniendo obruens || Oftavo die Jan. Incarnat.
Anno || MDCCLXVII.

Mr. Mores was buried by her, and his atchievement in Waltham-
ftow church has Quarterly 1. 4. Mores. 2G. a Quatre foil O. 3.
Rowe. Impaling Sab. 10 plates, on a chief A. a lion paffant Sa. gutte
A. Bridgeman.

PEDIGREE

1607; died Nov. 12,

i} I
Sir Henry Rowe, knt.=Sufan, da. of Tho- ohn Rowe, eldeft id William Rowe, = Anne, da. of Robert Rove 4th fon Mary, ux.
lord mayor of Lond. | mas Kighley, of fon, fheriff of Bed- of Higham-hill, efq. | John Chey- marr. Eleanor, da. of Tho. Ran-
Grey’s Thorock, in fordfhire, marr. . . d. June 29, 1596, ney, of Chef- Tho. Jermy, of Wor- dall.
1612, et. 68; buried | Effex, efq. Wilfon, bur. at Walthamftow. | ham Boys, c. fted, in Norfolk, efq.
(Epit.) Bucks, efq. =

at Hackney.

OF

EDWARD-ROWE MORES.

[ From Nichols’ Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica |

Sir Thomas Rowe, knt. lord mayor of London,= Mary, da. of Sir John Grefham, knt.
1568, in which year he purchafed Higham-hall, | Lord-Mayor of London, and coufin of
in Walthamftow, Effex; died 18 Sept. 1570, bur. | Sir Thomas Grefham, knt.

in his chapel at Hackney.

Elizab. ux. Sir
William Gar-

rett, of Dorney
co. Bucks, knt.

of Thomas
Dennis, of the
Ifle of Wight.

I 2
Sir Hen. Rowe,=Sarah, da. Tho. Rowe, Mary. Sufan, d. 1645, bur. Rob Rowe, =Sufan,da.of..... Four fons. Four daughters. Sir Tho. Rowe, knt. Tho. Mores, of Cox-=Dowfabel, da.
of Shacklewel, | and co-heir d. in Ger- Anne. in St. Laurence Jewry of Low- Jacob. embaflador to the well, co. Berks,
11 ys en of Giles many, 1620. with her hufb. Wm. Layton, co. Porte, d. 1644. bur.
b. at Hackney. | Duncomb, f. p. buried Haliday, two years Effex, gent. at Woodford.
of London. at Hackney. chairman of the Eaft living 1634.

India Company, and T
alderman, who d. Feb.
14, 1623.

Vf
Thos. Mores, = Bridget, da. of

of Coxwell. Wm. Wilmot. et. 63, 18 March, 1664.

2
Henry Roe, ==Katherine, da. and Sir Thomas Roe, = Anne, da. of Four other sons. Cath. Rowe, Anne Rowe, d. at=Edward Mores, Francis Mores, Thomas, 1. Mary.
fon and heir, | heir of Edward of Swarford,co. | Anthony Lang- Téree daughters. d.1737, bur. Tunftall,c. Kent. | of Great Cox- et. ann. 18 d.1654: ~ 2
ob. ante 28 | Woodiar, of Cook- Oxford, knt. ob. | fton, of Little- Vide 6D.14,in at Waltham- Jan. 5, 1724, et. | well, co. Berks, © March, 1664. 3. Anne.
May, 1660. | ham, co. Berks; ante 24 Dec. ton, co. Wore. Coll. Armor. ftow. (Epit.) § 773 bur. at Wal- | gent. 4
living a widow, 28 1686. ob. Dec. 1691. thamftow. (Efzit.) 5
May, 1660. 6. Rachel.

= Warwick, da.
of Deodatus

Henry Roe, efq. of

Shacklewell, fon and of Mofwell-Hill

heir, ob. 15 Aug. Stafferton, of | co, Midd. efq.
1670, et. 36, bur.at Everfley, co. Will dated 13
Hackney. (£pit.) Hants, efq. May, 1704.

Trevor Hill, vifc.= Mary Rowe, eldeft

5 May 1742. 2d | 1696, ob. 22 Aug.

hufband. May, 1714.

1742.

Wills Hills, ear\ of Hillfborough, &c.
living 1780. =

Anthony Rowe, =

=Sir Edmund Denton,
Hillfborough, ob. | da. and co-heir, born of Hillefden, co. Bucks,
bart. 1ft hufb. ob. 4

Sir Tho. Rowe of Swarford, Three other children.
co. Oxford, knt. fon and

heir, marr. and had iffue.

Mary, da. of
Major Robert
Manley, proved
her hufband’s ae
will, 1706. He

ftall, d. Apr. 8, 1740. bur. at

Walthamftow. (Epit.) London.

Charlotte Rowe, 2d
da. and co-heir, ux.
Geo. Forrefter, lord
Forrefter, in Scotland.

Arabella Rowe,
3d da. and co-
heir, ux. John
Cockburn efq.

-John Warburton, only = Ann-Catherine
fon of John W. efq. Mores, marr. of Low-Leyton, F.S.A.
d. Nov. 28, 1778, bur.

at Walthamiftow 4.

Somerfet-herald. 14 Dec. 1754.

John Davis, of =Sarah Mores,

Walthamftow. marr. 1774. living 1780,

2
Francis Mores, of Coxwell, = Margaret, da. of Francis
De la More, of Clanfield,
co. Oxford, d. 1675, b.
at Coxwell, (Epiz.)

Edward Mores, retor of Tun- = Sarah, da. of Shadrach =
Windfor, merchant of grocer, in White-
chape! = 2d hutb.

3
Edward Mores.

. Dulcibella, d. March, 1675.

. Margaret, b. Nov. 2, 1654.
. Elizabeth, b. June 25, 1658.

Poe Bridgeman,

Edward-Rowe Mores, =Sufan Bridgeman, died

1757, bur. at Walth-
amftow,

Edward Rowe Mores,=Mary, da. of Capt. Wil-
liam Spence, marr. 1779.

* Arg. on a chevron B. between 3 trefoils party per pale G. and B. 3 bezants. Creft, a ftag’s head couped G. Rowe. $C. 21—133.in Coll. Arm. {C. 12—64 in Coll. Arm. § A quatrefoil in a lozenge. || In a lozenge, baron, A. on a fefs coupe

G. between 3 heath-cocks, S. a gerbe O. Mores, imp. G. a quatrefoil O. Rowe.

chief A. a lion paffant S. gutte A. Bridgeman.

@ Arms on his atchievement in Walthamftow church, baron, Mores, quartering the two coats of Rowe the quatrefoil, and trefoils as above; femme S. 10 plates, on a

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NOTES
SUPPLEMENTARY TO GOUGH’S MEMOIRS

BY D. B. UPDIKE

"Lise Memoir of Edward Rowe Mores by
Richard Gough, the antiquary, which precedes
these Notes, first appeared in Nichols’ “Biblio-
theca Topographica Britannica,” as a preliminary to
Mores’ “ History and Antiquities of Tunstall,” which
was the first paper of the collection. It is the chief
source of information about him, and all subsequent
notices are based upon it, if they are not mere trans-
cripts thereof. But there are passages, chiefly in the
notes to Nichols’ “ Biographical and Literary Anec-
dotes of William Bowyer,’— whose “apprentice, part-
ner and successor’’ Nichols was,—in his “ Literary
Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century” and “TIllus-
trations of the Literature of the Eighteenth Century,”
which, as they further describe Mores’ interests, ex-
plain his activities, and illustrate the whimsical char-
acteristics of the man, I have drawn on here.

The connection of Mores with Low Leyton, in
which Essex village he passed much of his life, came
about through his father, Edward Mores, who had
there served as curate to John Strype, the historian.
For his paternal relative Mores exhibited considera-
ble piety,and in his“‘ History and Antiquities of Tun-
stall’ in Kent, of which parish the elder Mores was
later rector, he devotes some pages to a quite irrele-
vant account of the buffetings suffered by his patient
parent at the hands of a sinister individual named
Bannister—whose son’s defence of sim, published
somewhat ironically by Nichols as an appendix to

Mores’

XX NeOeIES

Mores’ “History,” fills nearly sixteen closely printed
quarto pages, abounding in angry and unintentionally
amusing passages. From Edward Rowe Mores’ pic-
ture of the elder Mores, one would suppose him to
be a guileless and amiable gentleman who, besides
other benevolent activities, rebuilt, in 1712, the rec-
tory-house of Tunstall, at his own expense. But “for
the encouragement of those who may be hereafter
minded to go and do likewise,” says his son, “be it
known that the only recompense he met with from
his parishioners was a continuous series of abuses, in-
sults,and oppression.”’ Nichols—also a native of Low
Leyton and a friend of Mores—tells quite another
story. His statements are evidently based on a pas-
sage in a letter written to Richard Gough in 1781 by
the Reverend William Cole,— the friend of Walpole
and Gray,—which runs: “I this week sent for, from
Mr. Merrill, the ‘Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica,’
and was rather concerned to find Mr. Mores has em-
ployed eight or nine pages unnecessarily to inform the
world of his father’s disputes with his parish; had he
been ever so much in the right, it would surely have
been more judicious to have let the remembrance of
such squabbles die with theauthors of them. Yet Iam
sorry to say, that I am afraid this gentleman by birth was
also of a litigious and quarrelsome disposition. I am
warranted to say so, by a perusal of several of his ori-
ginal Letters to Mr. John Strype the Historian, a man
of a quiet, humane and meek disposition, to whom
Mr. Edward Mores was curate at Low Leytonin 1739,
with whom he had disputes; and from his own Let-
ters, his boisterous and wrangling nature may easily
be discerned, and from which it should seem that Mr.
Mores was not the neighbour one would wish to live
near. ] think I discern a spice of the same spirit in
the son, whom I once was in company with, being
introduced to him by my worthy patron, Browne

Willis,

IO} TUES Xx

Willis, esq. But our acquaintance ended in the first
visit.”

Even in Mores’ Oxford years, he managed to at-
tract attention for his learning in extraordinary and
out-of-the-way subjects, and by conduct often as ec-
centric as his interests. Andrew Ducarel, keeper of the
archiepiscopal library at Lambeth Balace (which Mores
helped him to set in order), in a letter written from
Doéctor’s Commons in1741 to the Rev. William Cole,
says: “Mr. Mores is a young Gentleman of very
good Fortune and about 25 year’s of Age, educated
at Queen’s College, Oxford, a very fine Scholar, very
good natur’d Man and anexcellent English Antiquary,
—the Progress he has made in our English Antiqui-
ties is amazing and his Discoveries of Antiquities now
extant in Oxford, unknown to Tom Hearne and even
to the present Antiquaries there, tho’ very obvious
when he shew’d ’em to them, makes me believe that
he will make a very great Figure hereafter, — I will in
future Letters give you some Account of those Anti-
quities, and have the further Satisfaction of having him
for a neighbour in The Herald’s Office where he has
lately taken a House.”

It was about the year 1760 that Mores definitely
retired to Low Leyton, where he had inherited some
property, and where he built a house no less odd
than himself. This he called Etlow Place—the plan
of which, he said, was that of a house once seen in
France. He mystified his friends by appearing in a
strange academic costume which he stated was that
of a Dominican friar; and called himself ‘ Doctor of
Divinity,” which he allowed people to fancy was a de-
gree bestowed by the Sorbonne. And the discursive
Nichols, after minute investigations and correspond-
ence, which are reported by him at length and are not
worth printing here, exclaims, “ When, where or how,
he came by this degree is extremely unaccountable!”

and

Xxil NOTES

and adds that he had “been assured by a very inti-
mate friend of his, that Mr. Mores received the on-
orary title of D.D. in consequence of a literary favour
which he had conferred on some foreign Roman Cath-
olic Ecclesiastics, who wished to repay him bya pecun-
iary acknowledgement, which he politely declined ac-
cepting. Mr. Mores,” he continues, “was as ambitious
of singularity in religion as in other pursuits; and if
he could be said to be a member of any particular
church, it was that of Erasmus, whom he endeavoured
to imitate. He thought the Latin language peculiarly
adapted to devotion, and wished, for the sake of unity,
that it was universally in use. He composed a creed
in it, with a kind of Mass on the death of his wife, of
which he printed a few copies, in his own house, under
the disguised title of ‘Ordinale Quotidianum, 1685.
Ordo Trigintalss.’ .

“Of his daughter’s education,” writes Nichols,
“‘ Mores was particularly careful. From her earliest in-
fancy he talked to her principally in Latin. The gen-
tleman from whom I received this information dined
with Mr. Mores when his daughter was not more than
two years old. Among other articles they had soup,
with which the child had soiled her lip. Adsterge la-
bium, said the father. The child understood the Latin,
and wiped her upper lip. Inferius, said Mr. Mores,
-and she did as he meant she should. She was sent to
Rouen, for education; but without the least view to
her being a Roman Catholic: on the contrary, he was
much displeased when he found that she had been per-
verted.”

The establishment in which Mores placed his
daughter was undoubtedly the Mazson des Filles Hos-
pitaliéres de Saint ‘foseph, a sisterhood established at
Rouen in 1654. Its foundress was Marie Delpech de
Lestan, a protegée of Anne of Austria, and its object
was the education and maintenance of poor orphan

girls

NOTES xxiii

girls of respectable family; though from Mores’ first
letter it appears that children of a better worldly sit-
uation were admitted. This work was developed by
members of the Brebion family, and seems to have
been supported chiefly by them up to 1730. At that
period the establishment was situated near the old
church of St. Nicaise. Its later history I cannot trace,
except that it was in existence in 1774. It undoubt-
edly shared the fate of all French religious houses at
the Revolution. Two curious Latin missives survive,
addressed to the superior of the convent by Mores,
dated, respectively, die decollationis S. Fob. Bapt. (August
29),1768, and postridie concept.(December 9) inthe same
year; probably to show the reverend mother that he
was as erudite in church festivals as she could possibly
be! The first letter, ““English’d” by Mores himself, is
an interesting example of his whimsical yet entertain-
ing style; the second, for the first time translated, fol-

lows it.

I

To the worshipful Matron the Superior of the Convent of
S. Foseph at Rouen, Ep>warv-Rowe Mores greeting:

E commit, worshipful Madam, our only daugh-

ter to your keeping and management: and the
more willingly for that, besides the strict discipline of
your house, we understand that none others of our
Nation are at present with you.

She is a child of a ready wit, an acute judgement,
and of a temper not unamiable; docile and tractable:
but, being deprived of her mother (who whilst living
was afflicted with almost continual illness) and being
too much loved and indulged by me, and entrusted
rather beyond what her years might justify, and being
in some respects superior to the generality of her age
and sex, she refused obedience to all command but
mine; who, being busied about many things, had not

nor

XXIV NOPGS

nor have sufficient leisure to superintend and direct
her conduct.

Nevertheless she comes to you, most venerable Ma-
tron, from her father’s house; brought up and fostered
there (and only there) from the first moment of her
existence, not transporting with her from any female
school of ours (all which I detest and hate) any spot
or blemish to your sacred flock; but pure and blame-
less, and innocent from the corruptions of the world:
and I trust that in the same purity and blamelessness
and innocence she shall with the blessing of Provi-
dence be restored to us again.

Touching works to be performed by a needle, and
how far it may be proper for her to be exercised
therein, as they are matters out of my knowledge, I
leave them to the women who accompany her. — Let
them be useful, not trifling; accommodated to the
purposes of domestic ceconomy.

Touching other works which more properly fall
within my direction and judgement —let her be well
instructed in the arts of writing, drawing, and arith-
metic.

We place her in the upper order of pensioners; not
that upon that account the reins may be let loose to
indolence or idleness, or that the most rigid discipline
exerted amongst the nuns of your house and order
may in any wise be infringed or relaxed. Though in
station she is superior, yet in obsequiousness and duty
let her be as the lowest; and though she 1s lay, let her
be as religious. By no means, upon any pretence what-
ever, let her go into the city, or pass the walls of the
convent, or form any acquaintance but with the nuns
of your own house. With them let her dine; with them
let her sup; and with them let her be a companion;
for, having been trained hitherto with grown persons,
we would not have her now associated with children.
Let her diligently attend the service of the church;

matins

NOTES XXV

matins I mean and vespers. Let her rise early and go
to rest early, and with sedulity perform the business
allotted to her. And by how much the more, rever-
end Madam, you shall enforce obedience in these par-
ticulars, by so much the more will you rise in our
respect and estimation, and claim the tribute of our
obligations and thankfulness.

All letters directed by the child to me, and all let-
ters directed by me to her, I wish to pass unopened.
As to any others, if any such should be, which I be-
lieve not, let them be opened, let them be read, and
do with them according to your discretion.

Nearly the same request I am to make as to the
books which she brings with her. Let her be permitted
to read them in her chamber. Not any of them con-
cern Religion but the Bible.

And having said thus much, most excellent lady, I
might commit both you and her to the protection of
the Almighty; but I cannot fail to add, that as I,a
Divine of another church, have committed my daugh-
ter to your care, I must expect the same indulgence
and the same fidelity as I myself should show were
your daughter committed to my care. Your dictates I
should strictly obey, your directions observe in all
things. And as we are both devoted to the same ser-
vice, the glory of God and the salvation of souls, bear
in mind the affinity which is betwixt us; and consider
me as your brother, even as I consider you as my
sister in the Lord. The end we aim at is the same,
though the means we use to attain that end in some
things differ. May the blessing of God be upon you

and your holy house! Amen.

From Leyton in the county of Essex,
the day of the decollation of St. Fohn the Bapt. 1768.

To the

XXVI1 NOTES

Il |
To the worshipful Matron the Superior of the Hospitaler
Sisters of the Convent of S. ‘foseph at Rouen, KDwaRv-
Rowe Mortss greeting:

REJOICED exceedingly, and return my heart-

iest thanks, most distinguished Madam, because,
moved by my ardent wishes, you deigned to receive
my daughter into your convent, although she was a
foreigner, the offspring of a parent whom you did not
know.

My delight is increased because the newly arrived
guest will lodge ina room near the Superior—by how
much the closer her proximity to you should be, rev-
erend Madam, by so much the closer would she be in
learning, and 1n manners, and in every virtue. Living
in the midst of so many examples of piety, it is hardly
possible that she fall into transgression: nevertheless,
as she is an alien, and of a foreign nation, and accus-
tomed to foreign manners, if she waver through ig-
norance, let her be pardoned for her offence. If she
should overstep these bounds, however, and either in
your presence or in the presence of another should
be more seriously at fault, I pray that I may be in-
formed; nor shall paternal authority be wanting for
her correction.

But my joy was somewhat tempered, reverend
Madam, by a vain and silly letter (written by a certain
religious zealot of our Nation, as I infer) which was
repeated to my W ,* who is rightly most devoted
to you and yours, without your knowledge: for I
consider that you and yours are not of the kind who
are given to such foolish talk. From this we learn that
the young girl has been addressed on the subject of
Religion. Assuredly I am distressed, and think it con-
trary to the pledge made to me, that another should

* This is not his daughter’s initial. Her name was Sarah.

put

NOTES XXVII

put a sickle in my harvest: I am the more distressed
because, believing my daughter to have been com-
mitted to the safest trust, I seem to feel that my in-
structions have been slighted. It was my devout wish
that on matters of this kind, which are less adapted to
her tender age, there should be unqualified silence, in
strict conformity with the injunctions that she should
have no association with English people. We ask
again the same solemn pledge; we repeat the same in-
junction. Let me entreat you, reverend Madam, that
she be instructed in those things on which we for-
merly decided. The other matters shall be my care.

Farewell, and (though unknown to you) keep me
in affection.

From Leyton in the county of Essex,
Morrow of the conception [B. V. M.] 1768.

The “religious zealot of our Nation,” to whom Mores
alludes above, may have been a member of either of
two ancient English communities in Rouen, one of
which we know existed in Mores’ day. The first was
the Religieuses Angloises de Sainte Claire, formerly of
Gravelines. Their original convent was the gift of an
Englishwoman, and their church, built in 1667, was
consecrated by an Irish prelate. The second was that
of the Religieuses de Sainte Brigitte,a community driven
out of England in Elizabeth’s reign. This throws light
on Mores’ injunction that his daughter should have
no intercourse with persons of her own nationality
while in Rouen. However that may be, the unqualified
silence he demanded was not, apparently, obtained;
for the daughter, while at the convent it would seem,
was received into the Roman Catholic Church. And as
is common with ladies, the lady superior had the last
word, or at any rate the last laugh, which 1s still consid-
ered desirable even in the holy mirth of ecclesiastical

circles !
Mores’

XXVIII NOTES

Mores’ antiquarian tastes led him to prepare, or to
assist in preparing, books on genealogy, history, and
like subjects, although many of such projects he tired
of before they were completed. He collected material —
for a history of Oxford, which was particularly full in
relation to his own college, Queen’s, the archives of
which he arranged and calendared. Of his various es-
says in parochial history, perhaps the most important
was that of Tunstall, in Kent, his father’s parish, to
which was prefixed the memoir by Gough, already al-
luded to. The surprising range of Mores’ interests may
be inferred from the fact that he was one of the first to
suggest a society for life insurance; and indeed organ-
ized suchacompany. It is less surprising and equally
characteristic that as soon as it became a practical and
working affair, he abandoned it! ;

In typography Mores was always interested and he
appears to have set up a private press at Low Leyton.
One of his abortive schemes was a new edition of “Ty-
pographical Antiquities,” by Joseph Ames,—against
whom, by the way, he had some ancient grudge,— for
which he left a few notes in manuscript. Mores figures
somewhat unfavourably in the episode of Bowyer’s
gift of Anglo-Saxon types used in the Anglo-Saxon
grammar compiled by Elizabeth Elstob—a lady
amusingly depicted by Mores in his “ Dissertation.”
These characters were confided to Mores’ care by
William Bowyer, the younger, in 1753, for presenta-
tion to the University of Oxford, and the letter that
Bowyer wrote on this occasion is printed in the
“ Dissertation.”” Bowyer chose Mores to do this, as
he was much interested in Saxon studies, and was of
Queen’s College, the rallying-point of Saxonists at
Oxford. “ For some reason that does not appear,” says
Reed, in his account of the Oxford University Foun-
dery, “Rowe Mores, on receipt of the punches and
matrices, instead of transmitting them to Oxford, took

them

NOTES XXiX

them to Mr.Caslon’s foundery to be repaired and ren-
dered more fit for use. Mr. Caslon having kept them
four or five years without touching them, Mr. Bowyer
removed them from his custody, and in 1758 en-
trusted them to Mr. Cottrell, from whom in the same
year he received them again, carefully ‘fitted up’ and
ready for use, together with 15 lbs. of letter cast from
the matrices. In this condition the whole was again
consigned by Mr. Bowyer to Rowe Mores, together
with a copy of Miss Elstob’s ‘Grammar,’ for trans-
mission to Oxford. On hearing, two years later, that
his gift had never reached the University, he made
inquiries of Mores, from whom he received a reply [in
1761] that ‘the punches and matrices were very safe
at his house,’ awaiting an opportunity to be forwarded
to their destination. This opportunity does not appear
to have occurred for three years longer, when, in Oc-
tober, 1764, the gift was finally deposited at Oxford.
Its formal acknowledgement was, however, delayed till
August, 1778, exactly a quarter of a century after its
presentation.

“The correspondence touching this transaction,
amusing as it is, throws a curious light on Rowe
Mores’ character for exactitude, and it is doubtful
whether the publication of Mr. Bowyer’s first letter in
the ‘ Dissertation,’ together with a few flattering com-
pliments, was an adequate atonement for the injury
done to that gentleman by the unwarrantable deten-
tion of his gift. Nor does the title under which the
gift was permitted to appear in the University speci-
men, suppressing as it does all mention of the real
donor’s name, and giving the entire honour to the dil-
atory go-between, reflect any credit on the hero of
the transaction. The entry appears thus: ‘ Charaéleres
Anglo-Saxonict per eruditam foeminam Eliz. Elstob ad
jidem codd. mss. delineati: quorum tam instruments cu-

soriis quam matricibus Univ. donari curavit E.R. M.é
Collegto

Sek NOTES
Collegio Regin., AM. 1753.” This time it was Mores

who laughed last—virtue, as far as Mr. Bowyer was
concerned, being its own (and only) reward.

These types do not seem ever to have been used.
Their punches and matrices are still in the Oxford
University Press.

Mores is particularly important to the student of
English type-founding and printing because toward
the end of his life he purchased all the older portions
of the stock of John James, of Bartholomew Close—
a collection inherited from his father, Thomas James*

(notorious for his trickery of William Ged), + and dat-
ing

* Thomas James (d. 1736), son of the Rev. John James, vicar of
Basingstoke, and father to the John James (d. 1772) from whom
Mores bought his foundery, is remembered, not much to his credit,
for his association with William Ged, whose invention of stereo-
typing (first put into execution in 1725) he was at as much pains
to defeat in practice, as Mores was to explode it in theory. His
brother, John James (dragged into the affair for his influential con-
nections and ready cash), whom Mores curtly characterizes as ‘ an
architect at Greenwich,” was a man of cultivation and clerk of the
works at Greenwich Hospital, —a post in which he succeeded Nich-
olas Hawksmoor,—where he worked under Sir Christopher Wren
and Vanbrugh, architeét of Blenheim. James later became surveyor to
St. Paul’s Cathedral and the Abbey, and was the designer of St.
George’s, Hanover Square, and some other churches and country-
houses. ‘Ihe Hancock papers show that he visited New England on a
journey for health and pleasure, in the late seventeen-thirties ; and
the unusual plan and distinguished design of Shirley Place at Roxbury
(Boston), the seat of Sir William Shirley, Colonial Governor of Massa-
chusetts, have been attributed to him. This fine mansion, built in
1746 (the year of John James’s death), known as the Shirley-Eustis
House, is still standing, though the estate is altogether shorn of its
lands and the house somewhat of it dignities.

t For Ged’s pathetic story see Biographical Memoirs of William Ged,
including a particular Account of bis Progress in the Art of Block-Print-
ing. London: Printed by and for J. Nichols, 1781. “The first part
of this pamphlet,” says Nichols, its editor, “‘was printed from a MS.
dictated by Ged sometime before his death; the second part was
written by his daughter, for whose benefit the profits of the publica-

tion

™

NOTES ; XXX1

ing from very early times. “ Whether any motive be-
sides a pure antiquarian zeal prompted the purchase,”
says Reed, “or whether he [Mores] held the collec-
tion in the capacity of trustee, is not known, but it
seems probable he had been intimately acquainted with
the foundry and its contents for some time before
James’s death. He speaks emphatically of it as ‘our’
foundry, and his disposition of its contents for sale is
made with the authority of an absolute proprietor. It
does not appear, however, that during the six years of
his possession any steps were taken to extend or even
continue the old business, which we may assume to
have died with its late owner.”

From Mores’ examination of the material of this
foundery he prepared his paper “On English Foun-
ders and Founderies,” for I think the title “A Dis-
sertation upon English Typographical Founders and
Founderies” was given it by Nichols, who added a
title-page and notes to the original treatise. Only a few
months before Mores’ death, he wrote—I quote from
Nichols— “the following short billet, dated Leyton,
July 22, 1777, the last that Mr. Bowyer received from
him, which no doubt had to do with the preparation of
his ‘Dissertation’”:

“Dear Sir, lam porastiais of ascertaining the time
at which the bodies received their names, and I think I
can do it pretty well. I shall take as a great favour your
opinion why English is called English. An additional

favour will be the Italian names of the bodies, or a

tion were designed; the third was a copy of proposals, that had been
published by Mr. Ged’s son in 1751, for reviving his father’s art ;
and to the whole was added Mr. Mores’s narrative of block-print-
ing.” This last paper is an extract from the Dissertation and to it John
Nichols has added notes correcting Mores’s misstatements: for his
account of Ged is not merely prejudiced, but inaccurate. ‘The Biogra-
phical Memoirs were reprinted in 1819 at Newcastle for 'T. Hodgson,
whose Essay on the Origin and Progress of Stereotype Printing (Newcastle,
1820) may be consulted in this connection.

direction

XXXIl NOTES

direction where to find them. Another addition, are
the names given by other printing nations besides the
German, French, English, and Dutch, to be found in
books? I could go on with additionals; but I must not
be further troublesome.”

Mores’ “ Dissertation” falls into certain divisions. He
first mentions the early printers who were their own
type-founders, — like Caxton, De Worde, Pynson,
—and then considers early and later learned types
in what Mores styles “Oriental” and “Occidental”
languages. He then takes up type of the “‘Septentrio-
nal’ tongues; and after a digression on the names of
type and the regular and irregular bodies commonly
used in England, returns to the subject of northern
types and their derivations. Some pages follow, de-
voted to “flowered letters” and printers’ “flowers.”
The treatise then considers the early type-founders
proper, beginning with those appointed by the Star
Chamber decree, and continues with notices of Moxon,
the Oxford foundery, Grover, Andrews, Thomas
James, —with letters about his search for types in
Holland, — Caslon, and Ilive. An account of the foun-
dery of John James—whose establishment included
material from nine old English founderies and whose
stock Mores bought—follows; with notices of the
four authorized founders in Mores’ own time— Cas-
lon, Cottrell, Jackson, and Moore—and paragraphs
devoted to some less-known—among them, Basker-
ville. Mores ends his “ Dissertation” with (1) a table
showing that, with the exception of the four author-
ized founders and the Oxford foundery, the James
collection contains the material of all the old English
founderies of which precise knowledge exists, and (2)
a synopsis of the “learned” types then extant in Eng-
land, grouped under languages and, in turn, classed as
Orientals, Meridionals, Occidentals, and Septentrio-

nals,

NOTES XXXI11

nals, with the names of the founders in whose posses-
sion they were.

The “ Dissertation”’ is full of picturesque bits and
contains an immense amount of curious information
imparted in the author’s characteristic manner. Why
Mores adopted in it such an extraordinary and incon-
sistent method of abbreviation, I do not know. The
lack of capitals at the beginning of all sentences, ex-
cept those which commence a paragraph, was (I think)
an affectation based on classical manuscripts and early
printed editions of the classics, which were often ar-
ranged in this way.

The number of copies printed of the “ Disserta-
tion,” and issued with notes by Nichols, is commonly
stated as eighty; but a letter written to him by Samuel
Paterson in August, 1779, casts some doubt on this
statement. “I spoke to Mr. Mores* this morning,” he
writes, “and told him I thought . . . a very fair price
for the remainder of his Father’s Tract on Founders,
&c. considering the purchaser had a just title to the
profits of his profession; and, if sold at . . . to gentle-
men, it was the full worth of it, even to consider it as
a curiosity. He consented; and desired only that I
would reserve him a few, some eight or ten copies. I
judge then you may have about fo. To tell you the
truth, I had some thoughts of purchasing the whole
myself, and might have had them for a word speak-
ing — for, upon a cursory view, I thought I discovered
some oversights, which might be removed, and the
tract reprinted with advantage. But, finding that you
are of the same opinion, who are so much better quali-
fied, I have given over all thoughts of it, and will read-
ily give you any little assistance in my power. I shall
be able to set you right respecting Ged, where Mr.
Mores is manifestly wrong. I could give you also a note
on Baskerville, to demonstrate that he knew very little
* Son to the author of the Dissertation.

of

XXX1V NOTES

of the excellences of Typography, beyond the common
productions which are to be found every day in Pater-
noster Row; and therefore, in a comparative view,
might readily conclude he had outstript them all. But
is it not astonishing that one so well informed as Mr.
Mores should fall into such a blunder as to call Dr.
Wilkins, Editor of the ‘Coptic Testament,’ ‘ Conci/ia
Britannica, &c. our Countryman? Dr. Wilkins, it is
well known, was a German Swiss.”

Paterson, the writer of the above letter, was first a
bookseller, and then became an auctioneer of consid-
erable reputation as a bibliographer and cataloguer,
and at one time was librarian to Lord Shelburne—
afterwards Marquis of Lansdowne. Paterson’s rooms
were then in King Street, Covent Garden; and it was he
who sold both Mores’ collection of types and his pri-
vate library. “ Few men of this country,” says Nichols,
“had so much bibliographical knowledge; and per-
haps we never had a Bookseller who knew so much
of the contents of books generally. ... If, in his em-
ployment of taking Catalogues, he met with a book he
had not seen before, which excited his curiosity, or
interested his feelings, they must be gratified, and his
attendant might amuse himself as he chose. The con-
sequence was, that, on many occasions, Catalogues
could be procured only a few hours before the sale
commenced.”

Mores intended the “ Dissertation”’ as an introduc-
tion to a specimen sheet which was to exhibit what
his collection contained, or at least the most interest-
ing of the enormous mass of matrices, punches, and
types which he had acquired; for James’s foundery
represented the material of De Worde, Day, Moxon,
Walpergen, and all the old founders. This specimen
Mores did not live to complete; nor was the close of
ourantiquary’s days, we blush to say, particularly cred-
itable. “ Habits of negligence and dissipation” is the

phrase

NOTES XXXKV

phrase used to describe his failings, but their nature—
whether he became a victim of Punch or a votary of
Judy—history does not relate. At any rate, he fell
into an irregular and indolent manner of life, and died
in the forty-ninth year of his age because of “a mor-
tification* in his leg, which he suffered to reach his
vitals, sitting in an arm-chair, while the workmen
passed through the room to repair the next. He would
not admit physician or nurse; and scarcely his own
mother, who constantly resided with him after she had
lost an annuity of 100 £. His daughter had been some
time married, and was dead; and his son had been sent
to Holland for education.” The dying, wilful, lonely
man ran true to type to the end; and so, not quite fit
for hell nor yet for heaven, this odd mortal put on
immortality on November 28, 1777. He was buried
in Walthamstow Churchyard, and upon his monu-
ment were engraved those armorial bearings that were
so dear to him in this life, and which (if I am rightly
instructed) are singularly unimportant in that which
is to come. Regutescat in pace.

The printing materials belonging to Mores were dis-
posed of at auction by Paterson on November 20,
1781. His matrices and punches were sold as a sepa-
rate collection in the summer of 1782. The sale cata-
logue of the latter is a somewhat puzzling compila-
tion, and, if Paterson put it together, it does him little
credit. It covers 120 small octavo pages. Its title-page |
is reproduced on the following leaf.

In all, 349 lots are recorded. The matrices were

*'The common term then used to denote gangrene. Nichols, in
speaking of Paterson’s demise in 1802, says, ‘The immediate cause
of his death was a hurt in his leg, which happened from stumbling
in the dark over a small dog-kennel most absurdly left by his landlady
(as servant-maids too often leave pai/s) at the bottom of a stair-case.
The wound turned to a mortification, which soon ended fatally.”

placed

XXXVI NOTES

placed in boxes named after early printers—Bynne-
man, De Worde, Wolfe, Cawood, Berthelet, Copland,
Pynson—and in “a Press named Caxton filled with
drawers containing Punches.” In addition, there were
“flowers,” moulds, and printers’ materials. It would
appear from the entries as if the matrices were of the »
period of Bynneman, De Worde, etc.; but although
the collection did contain early material, the contents
of the boxes had no necessary relation withthe names
they bore. “‘ Misled by this circumstance,” says Reed,
“it seems more than likely that Paterson may have
enhanced the importance of his lots by dwelling on
the fact that one fount was ‘De Worde’s,’ another
‘Cawood’s,’ another ‘Pynson’s,’ and so on. The ab-
surdity of this delusion becomes very apparent when
we see the Alexandrian Greek some years later puffed
by its purchasers as the veritable production of De
Worde (who lived a century before the Alexandrian
MS. came to this country), and find Hansard,in 1825,
ascribing seven founts of Hebrew and a Pearl Greek
to Bynneman.”

On the first page of the Specimen proper a Latin
paragraph appears—no doubt written by Mores—
which may be translated thus:

<‘ Let the scholars who shall chance to examine with
critical eyes this specimen of the ames types not hold
us blameworthy if so be that it appears less finished
than desirable, especially in the more learned lan-
guages: the purpose was to present it most faultless,
albeit the makers think they have done enough if, the
faults of the press and the other defects disregarded,
it exhibits the form of the letters —great care was ex-
ercised; but when the founder was idle, the furnace was
idle, and there was a lack of type cast for removing the
blemishes.”

The first matrices shown in the Specimen are “ Ori-
entals, Hebrew, Biblical,” of which there are eighteen

; lots,

A rt

Sata OG UE Ann SPECIMEN
: Of the Large and Extenfive
PRINTING-TYPE-FOUNDERY

Of the late ingenious

Mr. JOHN JAMES, LETTER-FOUNDER,

Formerly of BanTHoLoMEWw-CLosz, Lonpov, deceafed:

Including feveral other FOUN DERIES,

ENGLISH AND FoREIGN.

Improved by the late Reverend and Learned
EDWARD ROWE MORES, deceafed:

COMPREHENDING

A great Variety of Puncnes and Marrices of the Hebrew,
Samaritan, Syriac, Arabic, Ethiopic, Alexandrian, Greek,
Roman, Italic, Saxon, Old Englifh, Hibernian, Script,
Secretary, Court-Hand, Mathematical, Mufical,
and otherCharacters, Flowers, and Ornaments;

Which will be Sold by AucTion,
Bynvirsn thai Bak: SOn: N,

At his Great Room (No.6), King’s-Street, Covent-Garden,
London,

On Wednefday, 5th June, 1782; and the Three following Days.
To begin exactly at 12 o’Clock.
To be viewed on Wednefday, May 29, and to the Time of Sale.

Catalogues, with Specimen of the Types, may be had at the Place
of Sale.
[ Price One Shilling. ]

’ ‘uae At,
ane ., a
a % Fal
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gS ey : + sie
} ‘
" ’
7 Wire
~ . a. ry ee 4 4) nauk 4
?: : mei 6 ay ‘ae Uae
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6
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a

NOTES XXXVII

lots, running in size from two-line English to non-
pareil. The succeeding Oriental matrices are Rabbin-
ical Hebrew (5), Samaritan (2), Syriac (3), Arabic (2),
and Aethiopic (2). Then come the Occidentals repre-
sented by an English Alexandrian Greek, “copied
from the ancient manuscript in the Museum, written
in caps,” followed by ordinary cursive Greek in sizes
from double pica to pearl. Of Gothic founts there is
but one set of matrices, of Anglo-Saxon four, and
of Anglo-Norman two. The next division is styled
Septentrionals — Runic, Court Hand, Union, Scrip-
torial, Secretary, and Hieroglyphics. The next section
is devoted to English (black-letter) types (in all nine-
teen sets of matrices), a small collection of roman cap-
itals and a very large assemblage of roman and italic
matrices, descending in size from canon to diamond.
The specimen concludes with six pages of “flowers,”’
some old, but most of Mores’ own period. In the list
of material, those lots not displayed in the Specimen
have a note to that effect, and, to quote a phrase of
Mores (used in another connection), “it is not to be
doubted, considering the elegance and simplicity of
the assortment which we see, that the foundery was as
completely furnished with those we see not, and which
for that reason we cannot mention.”

“What was the result of the sale financially,” says
Reed, “we cannot ascertain. Of the fate of its various
lots we know very little either, except that Dr. Fry
secured most of the curious and ‘learned’ matrices.
How far the other foundries of the day, at home and
abroad, enriched themselves, or how much of the col-
lection fell into the hands of the coppersmiths, are
problems not likely to find solution. With the sale,
however, disappeared the last of the old English foun-
dries, and closed a chapter of English typography,
which, though not the most glorious, is certainly not
the least instructive through which it has passed.”

Mores’

XXXVII1 NOTES

Mores’ library was sold by Paterson in August,
1779, and its contents are described in a catalogue of
184 pages, the long-winded title of which is also repro-
duced. But no title-page could cover the extraordinary
literary by-ways exhibited by the library. Classical lit-
erature was well represented, and there was a good
collection of books on divinity. The topographical
history and antiquities of England, and English ec-
clesiastical and monastic foundations, figured largely
both in books and prints. There were volumes on
heraldry, travel, civil and common law, liturgies, and
a mass of out-of-the-way tractates of every descrip-
tion. The books comprised 2838 items, prints and
copperplates 115, and mss. and miscellaneous belong-
ings 146 lots. The sale lasted over a fortnight.

In the eleventh day’s sale, a short section is de-
voted to books on the history and the art of printing
—fewer than one might have expected. A transcript
of it is given— in its italic, etc., following the original:

Mentelius de vera Typographiae Origine, 4to. Paris. 1650

Seiz Historica Enarratio de Inventione nobilissimae Artis Typo-
graphicae, fig. 8vo. Harlem. 1741

Hist. of the Origin and Progress of Printing, 8vo. 1770

Psalmanazar’s Hist. of Printing, by Palmer, 4to. 1732, with
some few MS. Correétions by Mr. Mores

Wolfii Monumenta Typographica, 2 tom. 8vo. Hamb. 1740

Meerman Origines Typographicae, 2 tom. en I. ¢.m. 4to.
Hag. Com. 1765

Janssonius ab Almeloveen de Vitis Stephanorum celebrium
Typographorum, 8vo. Amst. 1683

Spoerlii Introdutio in Notitiam insignium "Ey nographiea
4to. Norimb. 1730

Maittaire Hist. Typographorum Parisiensium, 8vo. Lond. 1717

— Annales Typographict, cum Indice, 7 tom. 4to. Hag.C 1719—
25. Lond. 1741

Moxon’s Rules of the three Orders of Print Letters, 4to. 1676

—Mechanick Exercises, with the Art of Printing, 2 vol. in
I, cuts, 4to. 1677-83

Specimen

(No. 17, 1779.)
DipLerot HEA MOR ESI AN A:

A
Seyates L OG UE

Of the LARGE and VALUABLE

Pel Bonk A ROY
OPE
PeerNn rE DBO O'FK S,

Rare old Tracts, Manuscripts, PRINTS
and Drawinecs, Copper Prates, fundry An-
TIQUITIES, PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS, and
other CuRIOSITIES,

Of that eminent British ANTIQUARY the late
Rev. and learned

Edward Rowe Mores, F. A. s.

Deceafed ;

Comprehending a very choice Collection relative to the
Topography, Hiftory, Antiquities, Genealogies, Laws,
and ancient Chartulary of Great Britain and Ireland;
together with a great Variety of fcarce and curious
Books and Traéts in Theological, Philofophical, Ma-
thematical, Claffical, and Critical Learning.

Which will be fold by AUCTION,

BeMr PATER S ON,

At his Great Room, No. 6. King-Street,
Covent-Garden, London,

On Monday the fecond of Augu/t 1779, and the
Sixteen following Days,
To begin exactly at Twelve o’Clock.

To be viewed on Wedne/day the 28th of Fu, and
to the Time of Sale.

Catalogues may be had at the Place of Sale,
Price ONE SHILLING.

2
e

~

iia

NOTES XXX1X

Specimen of the several Sorts of printing Letter, given to the
University of Oxford by Bp. Fell and Fr. Junius, 8vo. Oxf.
1695— Cottrell’s Specimen of printing Types, 4to. [4
copies |

Caslon’s Specimen of printing Types, with some other Speci-
mens, and Papers relating to Typography

Smith’s Printer’s Grammar, 8vo. 1755

Middleton’s Dissertation on the Origin of Printing in Eng-
land, 4to. Camb. 1735

Ames’s Typographical Antiquities, cuts, 4to. 1749, with MS.
Corrections by Mr. Mores

Mr. Mores’s Account of English Typographical Founders and
Foundertes, 8vo. never published (only 80 Copies were printed)

Jackson on the Invention of Engraving and Printing in
Chiaroscuro as practised by Alb. Durer, Hugo (sic) di Carpi,
&c. cuts in colours, 4to. 1754

In the last day’s sale were also ‘‘zbhree small note-books
on early and rare Typography, Foreign and English;
Oriental, Greek, and Saxon Charaéters, &c. by Mr.
Mores ;— Specimens of singular Print-Letters—Two
Treatises of Penmanship and Arithmetic, with The Art of
Making Ink, in Spanish, by Juan De Yciar, with his
portrait, quarto, printed at Zaragoca [sic], 1559—wvery
curious, but the former imperf.” This is the “maimed
copy” that Mores alludes to as having been “muti-
lated by some fool who has had it before us.”

From my copy of this Catalogue, partially priced, |
should suppose that the books and papers were sold
at low sums, even for that day. The best of the papers
were purchased by Richard Gough. Those relating to
Queen’s College were the subject of a correspondence
between him and its provost, Dr. Thomas Fothergill,
in which the latter alleged that Mores had retained
papers lent to him by the college to which he had no
right, and which repeated demands had failed to make
him return. Gough refused to give them up, alleging
that the papers he bought were not those sought by
Queen’s. Whatever they were, Gough ultimately gave

them,

xl NOTES

them, with other manuscripts, to the Bodleian, where
they noware. And our sorry hero has one more black
mark against his memory!

The remainder of Mores’ papers seem to have been
chiefly divided between Gough’s intimate friend, John
Nichols, and Thomas Astle, author of “The Origin
and Progress of Writing.” A number of Mores’ man-
uscripts are preserved in the British Museum.

é

A. Dissertation

Oc.

A DISSERTATION UPON ENGLISH
ive POR AP HP) CAL FOUNDERS
AND FOUNDERIES.

By Epwarp Rowe Mores, A. M. & A.S.S.

M, DCC, LXXVIII.

har, = ie
he ee ea
bac Ro ae Maps

>

ERR

»
4
*
i

bya i avant

*
~

'

* ee 2 Re He He Rm He He

LORE O Maks

O F
ENGLISH FOUNDERS

AND
Beer Ue ND ESR YL ES.

HE hiftory of Eugi/b Printers has been copi-

oufly handled by thofe who with commendable
zeal and diligence have delivered to us the typographi-
cal antiquities of the nation. but little or no notice has
hitherto been taken of the Founper although he is a
firft and principal mover in this curious art.

The moft probable reafon for this filence feems to be,
that at the beginning no diftinction was made between
the different operations of making the letters and of
ufing them after they were made; but the whole exer-
cife of the profeffion went under the general denom-
ination of Printing; a term which included every article
belonging to a printed book from the punch to the bind-
ing. that the inventors of this art fo confidered and ex-
ercifed it is beyond difpute: the conjecture then may be
favoured that their immediate fucceffors followed their
example. and it is obfervable that neither in the acts
ordinances or injunctions made from 1 Ric. 3. to the
year 1637 relative to printersand printed books, nor in
the Charter granted to The Company of Stationers, any
mention is made of the arts of Letter-cutting and Letter-
founding ; both which are feemingly therein compre-
hended under The -/cience, art, craft, or myftery of Printing.

Therefore

1474.

1482.
1490.

4 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

Therefore in the account which we are about to give
of Engli/b Founders and Enghfh Founderies we mutt ne-
ceflarily mention a few of our firft printers, that the
progrefs of Letter-making in Engl. may be carried on
with as little intermiffion as may be.

And firft Mr Caxton.—his letter originally was of the
fort called Secretary; and of this he had two founts. af-
terwards he came nearer to The Eng/. face,and had three
founts of Great primer; a rude one which he ufed ann.
1474. another fomething better, and a third cut about
the y.1488 approaching more nearly to The Engl. face.—
two founts of Eng. or Pica, the lateft and beft cut about
1482. one of Double pica, good, which firft appears in
1490, and one of Long-primer,—at leaft nearly agreeing
with the bodies which have fince been called by thofe
names.

They refemble the ufual character of our manu-
{cripts of that age, as thofe of Fauft and Schoeffer and
others of the firft printers refemble the character of
theirs. all which were of the fame lineage and differed
but little in the feature of their countenance. this
character has been called (but with no great propriety)
The antient rude and Gothic charaéfer. we fay with no
great propriety, for the 4ng/o-Saxonic is the parent of _
the Eng/.and Dutch as the Franco-Teutonic 1s the parent
of the Germ. alphabet; and the Cimbric of the [fandic,
Swedifb,and Danifh.and the Saxons Franks and Futes all
received their alphabets from the Lass, whereas the
Gothic alphabet was formed by U/philas chiefly from
the Greek. Mr Caxton died in the y. 1491.

Wynkyn de Worde, his fervant and fucceffor, had he
not been made a denizen would neverthelefs have been
entitled to a place amongft the Eng/. printers. he made
confiderable advances in theart, enriching his foundery
with a variety of new types. his letter was of The /quare

3 Eng.

AND FOUNDERIES. 5

Eng. or black face, and has been the pattern for his fuc-
ceffors in the art. he is faid to have been the firft who
brought into Eng/. the ufe of Tbe Round Roman letter
firft cut by Sweynbeim and Pannartz under the pa-
tronage of the Bz/bop of Aleria who was librarian to
Paul \1.and this may be true though we know not that
it is fo; the firft Rom. which we remember being a mar-
ginal quotation in pica at the latter end of the fecond
part of a book entitled The Extripation of ignorancy,
compyled by Sir Paule Bufbe preeft and bonhome of Edyndon,
printed by Pyn/on; “Omnis anima poteftatibus fubli-
mioribus fubdita fit,” &*c. but whether this was printed
before the y. 1518 when he printed a book wholly in
Rom. we know not, as the Extripation of ignorancy 1s
without a date. de Worde died in the y. 1534.

His founts (thofe which we have feen) were one of
Double-pica, two of Great-primer, both good, but one
thicker than the other, an Eng. rudifh,a good Eng. cut
about 1496, a Long-primer, and a Brevier which is well
enough. Mr Palmer and Mr Pfalmanaazaar give us a
circumftance which induced them to think that he was
his own Lester-founder. we have no doubt but hewas, yet
we cannot own that their reafoning convinces us of it.

Richard Pynfon, who as well as de Worde was a
foreigner, and brought up under Mr Caxvon, and natu-
ralized, was as well as de Worde an excellent workman.
his types in the y. 1496 were Double-pica, Great-primer,
and Long-primer, Eng. all clear and good. a rude Eng.
Engh/b, an Eng. and a Long-primer Rom. in 1499. an
Eng. and a Pica Roman with which was printed Bi/hop
Tonftal’s book de arte Jupputandi in 1522.they are thick;
but they ftand well in line,and the paperand prefs-work
of this edition, which have been commended, are good.
he had another and a better fount of Great-primer Eng.
with which was printed The Gallicantus of bifhop Alcock,
a fevere reproof of the clergy of the times, in 1498.

As

1499.

1503.

1515.

1527.

6 OF ENGLISH FOUN DERS,

As excellent a workman was his contemporary /Vi/-
liam Faques. he ufed a new cut Eng. letter equalling if
not exceeding in beauty any which our founderies at
this day produce.

Once forall be it obferved that the favourite charac-
ter of the printers of thefe times were the larger bodies,
and particularly Great-Primer. here therefore we difmifs
an enumeration which may begin to feem tedious, and
haften to f{omething which may be more amufing, ad-
ding only that Cop/and the elder(who had been fervant
to de Worde) and Wyer and Redman had founts of Two-
line Great-Primer; the latter good and beautiful; * that
Will. Raftel ufed Italic in 1531; that Berthelet had a
fount of Eng. Rom. with a face as thick as Engli/h but
pretty; and that Redman ufed a Secretary type in the
edition of Raffall’s Grete abregement printed in the y.
1§34.which Secretary is the laft Secretary we remember,
and which edition is an edition mentioned by none.

Ona bodyand face of the fame fort feems, according
to the account given us by a judicious antiquary, to
have been printed an exceeding fcarce work which
we have never feen, The abbr. of Sir Anth. Fitzherbertat
Wefim.in 1516. the price of which at that time was xl.°
for each vol. — Statham’s abbr. printed on avery pretty
Secretary, in fize fomething exceeding a drevier fhould
have been mentioned by us before, but the book has
no date, nor ever had a title-page. it was printed by
Pynjfon.

But though thefe and fome others were admirable
artifts for the times in which they lived, yet as bigotry
was then at it’s height and learning in her infancy, they
(the earlieft of them) printed little inEngi/h but legends

* With Copland’s was printed Che trpumphant hvictorp of the Jum:
perpall magefe agapnil the turkes 26 Sept. 1532. it was tranflated
out of the French by Copland; and this note is inferted becaufe men-
tion of the performance is omitted by the Eng/. biographers.

and

AND FOUNDERIES. 7

and prayer-books fuited to the complexion of the age,
and in Lazin little but f{chool-books for the ufe of
boys.

and although by the endeavours of Lynacre and
Grocyn, Sir Tho. More and Era/mus, and the others of
ingenuous learning who lived at the beginning of the
16th century, and the munificence of Card. Wolfey to
the Univ. of Oxford, the idle fubtleties of the fchools
began to give way to polite and folid literature, yet in
the y. 1530, ten years after the foundation of the Car-
dinal’s Hebrew J/efiure there, fuch {mall advance had
been made againft the monkery of the times, that the
profeflor Wakefield, a man of eminence in the know-
ledge of the Hebrew Syriacand Arabic languages, was con-
{trained to omit a third part of his oration to the univer-
fity of Camdr. for want of types to print it.— the Greek
leéture was eftablifhed about the fame time: yet the firft
Greek book which we recollect to have feen printed in
England is the homilies fet forth by Sir Fohn Cheke of
Cambridge, who after the endowment of the Five lec-
tures in each Univ. by Hen. 8. in the y. 1540, was prin-
cipally inftrumental in introducing polite learning into
that Univerfity. the book was printed at Lond. ann.
1543. by Reg. Wolfe, a naturalized foreigner, and the
firft who had a patent for being printer to the king in
the Lat.Gr.and Hedr. languages. yet Siberch who printed
at Cambr. about twenty years before calls himfelf p77-
mum utriu/q; linguein Ang\.imprefforem.and fo he might
be. but he printed a few Greek words only inter{perfed
amongft his Latin. Wolfe printed nothing in Heodr.
nor any thing more in Greek till the y. 1573. which
period taking inthe y. 1551 in which Dr Turner printed
the firft part of his Herbal at Lond. it is fomething
furprizing that the Doctor fhould be reduced to the
neceflity of giving the Greek names of the plants in
Eng/. letters. and in his defcription of Bryon thalaffion
he quotes a whole fentence from Dio/corides in Italics,

which

1543.

LoOT.

1567.

as a

8 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

which it may be fuppofed he would not have done in-
tentionally, becaufe in the fecond part printed at Co//en
(Cologn ) in 1562 he ufes Greek characters where he has
occafion for them.

ohn Day, Archbifhop Parker’s printer, is next to be
mentioned; and we mention him with certainty as 4
Founder if not asa proof of the truth of the conjecture
that our firft printers cut their own letter. for in the
preface to the edition of Aer Menev. which the archb.
to allure the Engii/b to the ftudy of their Mother-
tongue publifhed in Saxon characters in the year 1567,
we are exprefsly told that the types for that edition
were cut by Day, and that he was the firft and only one
who had cut fuch types. with thefe were printed The
Pafchal homily of 4eIfric archb. of Cant.ina {mall duodec.
about the y. 1567, and again in another of the fame
fize fhortly afterwards ;* and again by Mr Foxe in his
Ais and Monuments of The Church; The Archatonomtia
of Mr Lambarde in 1568, and The Saxon Gofpels pub-
lifhed by the fame Mr Foxe in 1571.— the body is Exg.
and he cut a Pica fount fhortly afterwards.

And having arrived at this certainty we fhall mention
no more of the Exg/. printers, as we are drawing near to
the time when Founding and Printing were feparated from
each other, and the former was exercifed as a trade by
itfelf, and divided into the feveral branches of Custing,
Cafting, and Dreffing; the workers in which feveral
branches were indifcriminately called Letter-founders
though feweither did or could perform the whole them-
felves. but we fhould have obferved, {peaking with dif-

fidence

* Tt is not known that there are two editions of this little book; but
we have them both. and here to avoid interruption hereafter we fhall
take notice that this homily was reprinted by Mr L’I/fle at Lond. in
1623 with the types of Haviland. and it was reprinted again at Lond.
by £. G. in 1638 if the title-page may be credited. but it has the
appearance of a falfe title-page, prefixed to fome remaining copies of
Mr L’Ifle’s edition.

AND FOUNDERIES. 9

fidence and from recollection only, that the firft books
printed here in which was any mixture of Hebr. were
Dr Rhefe’s Infiitutiones lingue Cambro-Britannice printed
by Orwell in 1592, Minjfheu’s Duétor in linguas in 1617,
and Dr Davies's Rudimenta lingue Cambro-Brit. in 1621.
all printed at Lond. in the latter the Welch and Hebdr.
characters differ from thofe ufed by Dr Rhef in his /n-
ftitutiones; and Min/beu's, though a dictionary of eleven
languages, ufes no more than five forts of characters
to reprefent them; viz. Engl. Saxon, Hebr. Greek and
Latin (of both faces) and a {maller Eng/. to exprefs the
Dutch and the cognate languages, in which character
_alfo the Briz/h is printed. there is no Syriac.— that is
printed in Hedr. characters: and the 4radic is printed
in /talic.

Indeed the introduction of the ftudy of the Orien-
tal languages cannot well be dated higher than the
y- 1635, in which year that great promoter of learning,
archb. Laud, gave his noble prefent of Oviental manu-
{cripts to the Univ. of Oxford, notwithftanding that
Sir Paul Pindar had twenty-four years before made a
prefent of the fame kind to the Univ. as a proof of
this Dr Pocock who had travelled in the Ea/, and on
his return was made by archb. Laud his firft Arabic
leéfurer, was the year afterwards fent to Con/fantinople to
acquire a more thorough knowledge of that language,
as well as to collect manufcripts at the charges of his
patron.

In this place according to the order of time falls
in the mention of A Decree of The Court of Starre-
Chamber made 11 ‘Ful. 1637. by which it is ordered,

That there fhall be Four Founders of letters for
printing, and no more.

That the archb. of Canz. or the bifhop of Lond. with
fix other High Commiffioners fhall fupply the
places of thofe four as they fhall become void.

That

1592.

1621.

103.5"

1637.

1640.

%

10 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,
That no Mafter-Founder fhall keep above two ap-

prentices at one time.

That all journey-men-founders be employed by the
Matters of the trade, and that idle journeymen
be compelled to work upon painof imprifonment,
and fuch other punifhment as The Court fhall
think fit.

That no Mafter-Founder of letters fhall employ any
other perfon in any work belonging to the cafting
or founding of letters than freemen or apprentices
to the trade, fave only in pulling off the knots of
metal hanging at the end of the letters when they
are firft caft, in which work every Mafter-Foun-
der may employ one boy only not bound to the
trade.

And this number of Founders was judged to be fuf-
ficient for the whole kingdom, the fame decree limiting
the number of Mafter Printers to Twenty as before it
had been limited bya decree of the fame Court made 23
Fun. 28 Ehz. and framed by archb. Whitgifi, to avoid
the exceflive number of them within the realm, and to
reprefs the great enormities and abufes which they had
committed to the difturbance of the Church and State.
and this decree exprefles a modeft deference to the
fuperiority of the printers in the Univerfities, reftrain-
ing them from having any more apprentices than one
at the moft. an acknowledgement that the Univ. print-
ers with a limb of ove apprentice could do as much
as the printer royal with fix whole bodies, for fo much
is he allowed by the fame decree. but thefe reftraints
were taken away by the diffolution of the Court 16
Car. I.

Mr Fob. Spelman {on of Sir Hen. publifhed the Saxon
Pfalter froma MS. of his father’s in 1640. it was printed
by Badger. the type is different from that ufed by Mr
L’ Ife; {o that already four if not five Saxon founts had
appeared in the kingdom.

In

AND FOUNDERIES. II

In the y. 1657 The Engl. Polyglott was printed at
Lond. faid to have been furreptitioufly obtained from
the prefs at Paris whilft Mon/. /e Fay was printing, and
before he had publifhed, The Fr. Polyglot. but the au-
thority on which this affertion is built (an information
fent a few years ago from fomebody at Paris) cannot in
any wife ftand in competition with the learning and
reputation of bifhop Walton and arch. Ujber. befides,
the dates contradict 1t. The French was publifhed in
1645. The Engl/b in 1657.—a work it is, if the times
and circumftances under which it was begun and per-
fected be duly weighed, amazing! * but we contemplat-

ing

*'Thus much was written before the enfuing account was obligingly
communicated bya curious and learned friend, Mr Will. Bowyer Fell,
of the Soc. of Antiquaries of Lond.

“<< Mon/. le Fay’s Polyglott was publifhed in ten vols. ann. 1645.
the Eng/. Polyglott in fix vols. ann. 1657; viz. twelve years after-
wards. under Bp Walton’s picture it is faid to have been begun only
in 1653. Palmer [the firft who ever dreamt of this furreption] mif-
took the date of the Fr. Polyglott [he affigns to it the date of the
Engi.| and then formed his conclufion that the fheets were fent into
Engl. from Paris, and then met with a correfpondent, it feems, who
encouraged him in his error. It is faid indeed that the Exg/i/b put out
propofals for a cheaper and better edition foon after M. /e Fay’s was
publifhed, which might in fome meafure hinder the fale of it. but other
caufes concurred; the enormous fize of the book rendered it incon-
venient for ufe, and the price of it deterred purchafers. and further
the refufal of M /e Fay to publifh the work under the name of Card.
Richieu, though that minifter had offered to print it at his own ex-
pence, damped the fale of it. The Exg/. Polyglott in return has made
but little way in France. a large paper copy was fold in 1728 to M.
Colbert, the fix vols. bound in fourteen. Ca/te/lus’s lexicon which went
along with it was on the common paper, and whether it was at all
printed on large paper is not known. the fame were afterwards fold
to M. de Seu, and are now in the collection of M. le count de Laura-
guais.— De Bure, v. 1. p. 18.

The laft leaf but one of the preface to Bp Walton’s Polyglott is
cancelled in many copies in which honourable mention is made of
the Protector in thefe words; “Primo autem commemorandi quorum
“<favore chartam a veéligalibus immunem habuimus, quod quinque ab-

hine

WOR 7

12 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

ing it no otherwife than as Lester-Founders are only to
obferve that it contains the facred text in the Hebr.
Samaritan, Syriac, Chaldean, Arabic, Perfic, A: thiopic,
Greek, and Latin languages, all printed in their proper
characters; of which we may here with greateft brevity
obferve, that metal characters for the Hebr. language
were firft ufed by the ews of Soncino in 1484. for the
Gr.and Rom. by the Monks of Subiaco in 1465. for the
Ital. by Aldus the inventor of the type in 1502. for the
Arab. by Porrus of Genoa in 1516. for the Ztbiopic by
Potken in 1513. and that The Congr. at Rome for the
propagation of the faith in the y. 1636 had, befides thofe
which we have juft now mentioned, types for the Sama-
ritan, for the Syriac both Ffhito and Ejirangelo, for the
Coptic, for the Armenian, for the Rabbinic Hebr. and
for the Heraclean, or ancient language of the Chaldees.
but Ferrarius who publifhed his Nomenclat. at Rome in
1622 ufed a very different Syriac type, and the Zthio-
pic of The Congr. is not to be compared with ours. and
Ludolphus, whofe abode was at Gotha fent his Lexicon
to be publifhed at Lond. where it was printed by Mr
Roycroft (who was printer in Orvienzals to The King) up-
on the type of the Eng/. Polyg/ott, which work likewife
was printed by Mr Roycroft. and we fhould take notice
that a liturgy according to the rites of the Armenians
was printed at Cracow by the widow of Flor. Unglerius
in 1549. we have not feen it, and it may be Polifh.
To

“‘hinc annis (1652) a concilio fecretiori primo conceffum poftea a fere-
“<niffimo D. Proteftore ejufg; confilio, operis promovendi caufa, be-
“<nigne confirmatum et continuatum erat: Quibus,” &c. in the loyal cop-
ies under CA. II. the claufe ftands thus. “Juter hos effufiore boni-
“<tate labores nofiros profecuti funt (preter eos quorum favore chartam a
“veétigalibus immunem habuimus) Serenifs. Princeps. D. Car. Ludov. pr.
“Palatin, 5c.-- Bp. Walton obtained leave to import the paper in
1652. he began his work in 1653. he publifhed it in 1657. and it
is furprizing that he could get through fix fuch volumes in the fhort
{pace of four years.”

AND FOUNDERIES. 13

To return to the Eng/. Polyglott.—the Hebr. and Sa-
maritan are of the Eng. body. the elegant face of the
Samaritan is juftly attributed by Ce/larius to the Eng-
hfb, for it was firft ufed in our Po/ygloit, and by Cafellus
in his Lex. Heptaglotton. it differs widely from the type
ufed by Scaliger in his Emend. Temp. and by Leu/den at
the end of his Schole Syriac. and from another ufed in
an encomiaftic of 4br. Ecchelenfis upon F. Kircher, which
type belonged to The Congr. at Rome. and which was
afterwards more neatly cut by Vo/kens. the latter is in
that part of our foundery which came from Mr Grover.
The Syriac is Eng. likewife, and is now in the foun-
dery of Mr Caflon. The Arabic is Great-primer, in our
foundery; and it came from Mr Grover. The Per/fic is
{fo too, being made by a few additions to the drabic
alphabet, as are alfo the Turki/h and Malayan. The
As thiopic is Pica; itis in Mr Tho. Fames’s foundery and
came with the founderies of one of the 4udrews’s.—
The Gr. Rom. and Ital. are_/m. pica and are all in our
_ foundery. but as thefe are common characters there is
no occafion to fpeak further of them.

Over and above the elemental characters exhibited
inthe Jody of this great work, the pro/egomena furnifh us
with more. namely the Rabbinical Hebr. the Syriac du-
plices, Neftorian, and Eftrangelan; the Armenian; a large
bodied Egypsian; the I/yrian both Cyriliian and Hiero-
nymian; the Iberian; the Gothic; the Chine/e, which 1s
{carce worthy of notice; and a {pecimen of the “exan-
drian MS. of thefe the 4rmen. and Coptic had been
ufed before in the Jutrodué. ad lectionem lingg. Oriental.
publifhed chiefly for the ufe of thofe who were fub-
{cribers to the publication of the Po/yg/ot in 1655. but
thefe were all cut in wood, are moft of them rude and
misfhaped, and the unavoidable lofs of thefe wooden
alphabets has been amply recompenfed by the neater
fount of Copéic ufed in the Oxford edit. of,the N. Te/t.
Egyptian in the y. 1716. and by a neater in the foun-

dery

44 OF ENGLIS Hi FOUN DERS,

dery of Mr Ca/lon; and by a neater Armenian cut by the
late Mr Ca/lon for the edit. of Mo/es Chorenenfis. we have
however given bifh. Wa/ton’s {pecimen of the 4/exan-
drian fet in metal that it may be compared with his,
and with another engraved on copper to be feen in Dr
Grabe’s prolegomena to the Septuagint publifhed from
the Alexandr. MS.

The Ambaric of Caftellus feems to be metal, and the
fame which was ufed in the Orat. Dnica to\vyhor7 ©,
TodkvpopdG- printed by B. M. in 1713. the two firft
fheets of which were printed “in typographéo inftruc-
“tiffimo inclyte Acad. Oxon. cuj fauftiffima queq;
“‘comprecator quifquis eft qui patriam amat et bonam
“mentem colit.” this little work was pirated abroad,
and moftly engraved on copper. we take notice of this
to fhew how much in metal types we were then fuperior
to our neighbours. the languages comprized in thefe 2
fheets are Hebr.Sam.Chald. Syr. Arab. Perf. Turk.T artar.
Malayan, Coptic, Aithiop. Ambaric (the moft pure and
refined dialect of the language of the Ady//ines), Runic,
Gothic, Ilandic, and Sclavonian.

F, Kircher a jefuit of Fuld,a man of note in his time,
was the firft who applied himfelf to the ftudy of the
Coptic language. he publifhed his Prodromus Coptus at
Rome in 1636. for this his memory has been unworthily
and abufively treated bya countryman of ours, who at-
tributes the endeavours of F. Kirch. toambition and vain
glory, and a defire of making an oftentatious fhew of
learning which he did not poffefs. but what ftimulated
Mr Wilkins to purfue thofe ftudies which hecenfured in
F, Kircher? a part at leaft of the ingredients of which
he compofes the affiduous jefuit, which ever have been
and ever will be the {pur to recondite literature. and
poor enough are the rewards of the labour. Mr WiI-
kins’s prof{pect was enlarged by ftanding uponthefhoul- -
ders of a jefuit. it therefore was difingenuous in him to
depreciate the eminence which opened his view: thofe

who

AND FOUNDERIES. rs

who {trike out new paths, however they may err, de-
{erve commendation; more efpecially from thofe who
tread in their fteps.

Mr Wilkins publifhed the Copz. Te/f. at Oxfd. in1716.
with the types and at the charge of the Univ. upon a
pica letter cut at the expence of bifh. Fe// for printing
the Cop. Teftament intended to have been publifhed by
Dr Marefchal. they were cut from acharacter delineated
by Mr Wheeler, rect. of St. Ebb’s in Oxfd. the author of
the Oxfd. Almanac for the y. 1673, of which near 30000
were printed and all fold on account of the novelty and
of the title, to the prejudice of the fale of the other al-
_manacs; which induced the Lond. bookfellers to buy
off the copy for the future. fo a fheet almanac only on
copper has fince that time been annually publifhed
by the Curators of the Sheldonian in the form and fize
wherein we have it now. but the defign is either altered
now or was miftaken then. the prints were deemed
hieroglyphical, and a celebrated Vice-Ch. was exam-
ined upon the furmife, and was at laft very decently
difmiffed thus; “if you mean nothing you are fools: if
“you mean any thing you are knaves.” fince that time
to avoid offence the fubject has been a repetita crambe

of the edifices of the Univ.

We have done for the prefent with the Oriental and
Occidental languages, and come now to the Sepentrio-
nal, the reftorer (if not more than the reftorer) of the
knowledge of which languages in Eng/. was Mr Francis
Funius the fon of Mr Francis Funius the theologift of
Heidelberg. and Mr Junius though a foreigner muft with
ushave preference. for the Goshic and Saxon Go/pels pub-
— lithed by Dr Mare/chal (Mr ‘funius who was Dr Mare/-
chal’s inftructor muft fuftain no injury by our attribut-
ing to One a joint work of Both, printed with the types
and at the charge of Mr ‘funius ) were printed at Dort,
and Dr Mare/ch. brought newtypes into the kingdom:
but in the y. 1654 Mr Funius being then at Am/flerdam

procured

1659.

1662.

1 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

procured a fet of “Saxonic types to be cut matriculated
“and caft, thinking himfelf enabled by fome good fub-
“fidyes which he had met with in Germany to add
“fomething to that which had been before done by
“ Melchior Goldaftus and Marquardus Freberus in Fran-
“cic and Alemannic antiquity.” as he fays in a letter to
Mr Selden, a copy of which may be feen in the preface
to Dr Hickes’s Thefaurus.

Thefe types Mr Funius brought with him into Eng/.
and with them types for the Gothic, Runic, Dani/h,
Ilandic, Greek, Roman, Italic,and Eng.(the Eng. ofa very
pretty face[)], all caft to a pica body that they might
ftand together. but he brought the letter only without
punches or matrices, and in the y. 1677. gave them
with a fount of Eng. Swedifh to the Univ. of Oxford
where now they are.

In the mean time Mr Dod/worth and Sir William
Dugdale had publifhed the Mona/ticon, and Mr Somner
his Saxon Ditionary, which was printed at Oxford in the
y- 1659 with the Univ. types, though Mr Somner had
from the death of Mr Wheelock enjoyed, and did then
enjoy, the falary appertaining to the Saxon J/eéture
founded at Cambridge by Sir Hen. Spelman: for which
the moft probable reafon we can affign is this; that the
Univ. of Cambr. had not letter fuited to the purpofe.
for though Mr Wheelock’s edit. of Bede’s ecclefiaftical hift.
publifhed in 1644 was printed at Cambr. it was print-
ed on a type too large for a dictionary. the one was
Great Primer the other Pica. The Mona/ticon was printed
with the types of Richard Hodgkin/one, one of the print-
ers nominated by the decree of Szar-ch. of 1637. the
Saxon 1s pica, by whom cut we know not.

Formed upon the principles of that decree ann. 14
Car. II. an act pafled for regulating of Printing more bur-
thenfome to learning and more fubverfive of the Liberty
of the Prefs than the decree itfelf, which together with
other burthens occafioned the diffolution of the Court.

by

>

AND FOUNDERIES. 17

by this act the number of Mafter-Founders was again
reftrained to Four, and the number of Mafter-Printers
to Twenty (exclufively of The King’s printers and the
printers for the Univerfities) to be appointed by the
archb. of Cant. and the bifh. of Lond. and no founder
was to caft any letter for printing, no joiner to make
any prefs, no {mith to forge any iron-work for a prefs,
no perfon to bring from parts beyond the feas any let-

ters founded or caft for printing, nor any perfon to buy

any letters or any other materials belonging unto
printing without application to the Maft.and Wardens
of the Comp. of Stationers.

This was a probationary act for two years only, and
16 ejufd. Car. was continued until the end of the next
feffion of parl. and again until the end of the next fef-
fion. and 17 e7u/d. until the end of the firft feff. of the
next parl. it was revived 1 ac. II. to continue in force
for feven years, and from thence to the end of the next
feffion, when it expired in 1693, and we hear no more
of it.

Notwithftanding thefe reftraints Mr Moxon writing
in the y. 1683 informs us “that the number of foun-
“ders and printers were grown very many, infomuch
“that for the more eafy managing of typography the
‘operators had found it neceflary to divide it into the
“feveral trades of The Ma/fter-Printer, the Leitter-cutter,
“the Letter-cafter, the Letter-dreffer, the Compofitor, the
“ Corretor, the Prefs man, the Ink-maker, befides feveral
“other trades which they take into their affiftance, as
“the Smith, the Joiner, &c.”

But as to Letter-cutting which is our immediate fub-
ject, the fame ingenious artift informs us “that it was
“a handy-work at that time kept fo concealed among
“the artificers of it that he could not learn any one
“had taught it any other; but every one that had ufed
“it learnt it of his own genuine inclination. therefore,
“though he could not defcribe the general practice of

‘““workmen,

1664.

1685.

16935 -

18 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

“workmen, yet the rules he followed he fhews, and
“had as good an opinion of thofe rules as thofe had
“that were fhyeft of difcovering theirs. for indeed
“by the appearance of fome work done a judicious
“eye might doubt whether they went by any rule at
“all, though geometric rules in no practice whatever
“ought to be more nicely or exactly obferved than in

<eethigyr
And as this very curious artizan has given us the cer-
tain {tate of printing in his time, we fhall take occafion
to obferve that the bodies moft of ufe in Eng/. when
he wrote were Great-canon, Two-line Eng. Double-pica,
Great-primer, ENGLISH, Pica, Long-primer, Bre-
vier. -- finall-pica, nonpareil, and pearl. the Dutch he
fays had feveral other bodies, but* he thoughtthem not
worth

*The Dutch bodies at this time were Dubbelve tert/ Dubbelve
Auguttiin/ Dubbelve fMediaen/ Dubbelve Defcendiaen/ Parpile
kanon/ called by Vokens Groote hanon/ Kipne kanon/ Afcenvdo-
nica/ Paragon/ Cert/ Augultiin/ Groote mediaen/ SMeviaen/
Defcendiaen/ Groote Garmont/ Garmont/ Bourgesis/ BGrevier/
Colonel/ Jolp/ Cnglele nonpareil/ fo nonpareil was firft cut by the
Engl. Weerel/ and Wobijn, in all 22. thefe were Van Dyck’s bodies.
but Vofkens gvocted and &lpned moft of them, adding thereto a new
named body Diamant, which in Dutch (the firft face cut upon it) is
pretty, and advancing the number to 34.

But the Germans, to whofe countryman Fau/ the world is indebted
for the noble art, have in this incorrectnefs of workmanfhip exceeded
even the Dutch; and had feveral years ago (if a written paper which
feems to bea lift taken from one of their fpecimens may be depended
on) without remorfe run on with etne andere and noch eine andere
to the ftretch of 62.

And here we may obferve that Garmont as they call it has it’s name
from Claude Garramont who had been taught by Tory; and @ranjon from
Rob. Granjon who was a Fr. Founder likewife. moft probably it may be
fo with Gaillard too. and thefe are the only types which bear the name
of their parents. but @ranjon is not a body but a face. not the Italic
as Van Dyck has it, but the Fr. curfive of that age, and was firft cut by
Granjon in 1558, ut cribentis manum quam proximeé redderet ; ut /criptu-

i ram

AND FOUNDERIES. 19

worth naming.— we think fo too; and could wifh that
all but the Regulars were expunged from our typogra-
phy. we are aware of the reafon which will be urged
for retaining them, but it is not a reafon which will bear
the teft of argument: and this we hope is the only in-
{tance in which we do not {peak as Letter-founders. for to

confefs

ram ementiretur impreffio; et gd manufatium, an typis excuffum fuerit poftea
poffet dubitari. and he obtained a prohibition from the Fr. King for-
bidding any one within the realm to prefume to imitate it. Plantin
ufed a type of the fame fort in 1564, gu’ ilpeu/? auffi fervir a la jeuneffe
d’exemplaire pour apprendre a bien former &S lire VESCRITURE @ LA
MAEN, which is the proper name of this type. the Dutch have a letter of
the fame fort for the cur/ive of their nation, cut by Vo/kens, and called
CESCHREVEN. and fo have the Eng/. which is vulgarly called
ScriptTo, becaufe it imitates the common writing-hand; whereas
Secretary with us imitates the curfive of the law.

But notwithftanding this deviation from the true ftandard, the Dutch
have been eminently remarkable for “the true fhape of their letters;
“‘which were formed fo exactly of the mathematical regular figures,
“< fraight lines, circles, and arches of circles, and with fuch a commodious

-_“fatnefs for relieving the eye, and with fuch true placing the fass and
“Jeans, and with fuch {weet driving them into one another, and with
“all the accomplifhments which could render ter regular and beau-
“tiful,” that Mr Moxon {et himfelf to anatomize, and with moft minute
exactnefs to examine the proportion of every part and member of the
letter of Chr. van Dyck of Amfierdam: “and was fo well pleafed with
“the harmony and decorum of their fymmetrie, and found fo much
“regularity in every part, and good reafon for his order and method,”
that he founded his own proportions and rules upon his obferva-
tions on the letter of Van Dyck. Van Dyck agreeably to that which has
been before obferved touching the divifion of typography into various
branches, was a letter-cutter only, his founder was Fos. Bus, who caft
in the houfe of Fo/eph Athias a jew in Swanenburg-ftraet, and after-
wards op de Iieuwe Heere Gracht over ve WPlantagie.

Diderich or Dirk Vofkens came after van Dyck. his gteterpe was
carried on by himfelf; afterwards by himfelf and his fon; and
afterwards by his widow and fon. they all lived op Ye Bloemgragt.
Vofeens was the firft we know of the Dutch founders who had types
for the more recondite languages. he had Hebr. Biblical, Ma/oretical
and Dutch; Samaritan, Arab. Coptic, Sclavonian, Runic, and Angl-Sax.
his foundery is thought to have come by purchafe to Myuh. Fohbn/fon
a captain in the army, and a letter-founder at The Hague. he had a

fon

20 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

confefs the truth, the irregular bodies owe their origin
to the unfkilfulnefs of workmen, who when they had
cut a fount which happenéd to vary from the intended
ftandard gave it the name of a beauty, and palmed it
upon the printers as a purpofed novelty.—fuch are
Paragon, Nonpareil, Pearl, Minion, Robyn,and Diamond.

Of the Regular bodies we would fay fomething, and
fhould think ourfelves fortunate could we {peak agree-
ably to our wifhes. but the fhortnefs of the time allowed
-by the prefent occafion will not admit a refort to libra-
ries from whence alone our defired fatisfaction is to be
obtained. we muft therefore be content to mention

fon whofe chriftian name was Vo/kens, as it is the cuftom of the Durch
to give their children names from any perfon with whom they have
dealings themfelves.

—— Rolij a German, but refident at Am/ierdam, is the next. he was
living in 1710. he cut and funk for Vo/eens’s foundery, and the work
of Ro/ij was the beginning of our foundery.

Fob. Philippi van Cupi of Am/rerdam was his contemporary. and thefe
two feem to have been the only Letter-cutters at that time in Ho//and:
for Athias and Vo/kens, and another of the fame time whofe name we
know not, were founders only.—the foundery of Van Cupi has been
juft now fold difperfedly.

Le fieur Ludolphe Wetftein of Amfterdam died in 1742. and his foun-
dery, remarkable for the elegance of the Greek which had been in
the fam. of the Wet/feins only for many years, was in the year 1743
purchafed by Lfaac and lean Enjchede \etter-founders at Haerlem. it
has been obferved that We#/ein’s letter has an excellence which can-
not appear upon paper: it is fo deeply counter-punched that it will
far exceed in duration the letter of other founders.

Lfaac Vander Putte was another of Am/fferdam. he lived op Ye Goor-
burgwal over ve J2ieuwe Merk. his fucceflor was H. Vander Putte
of whofe exec. the foundery was purchafed by the brothers Plas van
Amfel living at Am/fferd. in 1767.

To thefe are to be added Mynh. R. C. Alberts and H. Uytwerf
founders at Te Hague (whofe letter was cut and funk chiefly by van
Cupi) a new foundery; Mynh. F. M. Fleifchman, 1733 and 1756;
Mynh, Weyer, a \etter-founder and notary in Calbvaert-flr, 4m/fer-
dam, 17553 and Mynh. Vander Velder living at The Hague in 1760.
De Hont likewife was a founder at T/e Hague. he had a fon who was
in partnerfhip with Mr Becket in The Strand, Lond. and this is all we
can fay at prefent of the Dusch founders. that

AND FOUNDERIES. 21

that only in which we think we fhall be fupported
again{t others who have fpoken on the fame fubject.

Firft then,as to that which Mr Mowon calls Great Ca-
non: without difputing whether thisisa regular body or
an irregular body (indeed we think it no body at all,
but that being above the {cale it fhould be ranked under
the denomination of ##e-/erter) our objection is to the
epithet Great, becaufe the Engli/h know no Little-canon
in contradiftinction to it. but greater is our objection
to the name by which it has of late years been called,
French Canon: an appellation by whom or when or
wherefore introduced we pretend not to know: only
_thatit has been introduced fince the y. 1695. the typo-
graphers of our neighbouring nations are not fo cour-
teous or fo juft as to give the name of our country to
the bodies which are our own. whencefoever therefore
this letter came, plain Canon fhould be its name. and it
is fo called, as has been faid, becaufe it was firft ufed in
printing fome Canons of the church. but this feems to
be a miftake arifing from a falfe idea annexed to an
equivocal word, and the letter might with equal appear-
ance of truth have been faid to have received its name
from The Great Gun of Ghent.

Thecurious Mon/. Torin drops fomething which fug-
gefts a better reafon. he divides ty pographical letter into
la lettre de forme and Ja lettre baftarde; the former of
which he tells us was called Canon. the inference is that
the former were cut /ecundum normam, the latter by no
rule at all: as Bourgeoife, which amongft other letter of
his time he mentions. his time was the y. 1529. fo the
antiquity of Bourgeoi/fe is pretty nearly afcertained.

It would be in vain to deny that we endeavour to
make /e lettre qu’on diéi Canon comprehend the regular
bodies; and we think Mon/. Torin’s expreffion will juf-
tify the attempt.--we have never feen the Champfleury.
this which we would avail ourfelves of is taken from
fome extracts given us by Mr Maittaire, who did not

enter

22 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

enter into the articles of founders and founderies {o mi-
nutely as we could with he had, thinking them in all prob-
ability beyond his province, which was in the vulgar fenfe
typography. — if our inference be juft, the letter called
Canon has ufurped a general denomination, and appro-
priatedit to itfelfalone. as a further proof that it has, we
urge that the French have four fizes of letter which bear
this name, /egros double, le double, le gros,and le petit Canon:
the laft of which anfwers to our Two-/-Eng/.— we may
yet be wrong: but we fhew the foundation upon which
we build. and if we are wrong fhall gladly be corrected.

A word more we muft in juftice add to that which
hath taken up much length already: the Dutch call
our Two-line-Gr-primer Kanon and the letter which is
called Fr. Canon they callfMarps-Romepn: the French
therefore might have cut a Roman letter of this dimen-
fion furpaffing in beauty the type of other founders.

Two-line-Englh/b, though by the name it fhould feem
to be a body derivative, is the fame which the Germans
once called Prima; and it was the firft or largeftin the
{cale of bodies. fo that here too our objection lies againft
the name, which is incongruous and improper, as it
makes the body a derivative which ought to be and
was and is a primitive.

To Double-pica the Secunda of the Germans, our ob-
jection as to the name is fimilar; but the reafon of the
objection differs. Double-pica does not, as to juftify the
propriety of the name it ought to do, anfwer to two
lines of Pica. therefore the appellation is improper.

Great-primer the Tertia of the Germans, being a name
indifputably Exgi/b,andindifputably fixed on account
of fome primer printed on a body of this fize, muft be
a name of fome antiquity in the eras of Eng/li/h typo-
graphy,and cannot be much pofterior though it may be
anterior to The Reformation.

ENGLISH is our certain guide: a body whofe
name profeffes it to be our own. the Germans call

1t

AND FOUNDERIES. 23

it MITSEL or the middle fize, thereby plainly in-
dicating as the truth really was, that as there were
Prima Secunda and Tertia above it, there were Quinta
Sexta and Septima below it, and limiting thereby the
number of bodies to feven.

Pica is the next: the fize which came neareft to or
moft refembled The Pie; and being the literal tranfla-
tion of that word into Lain the body mutt be claimed
as ours. for though fomething like it may be found
elfewhere the ftandard is not the fame. The Pie was a
table fhewing the courfe of the fervice of the Church
in the times of darknefs. it was called The Pie becaufe
_it was written in letters black and red; as the Friars
de Pica were fo named from their parti-coloured rai-
ment black and white, the plumage of A Magpie. “the
“number and hardnefs of the rules of this Pe and the
“manifold changings of the fervice were,” as the pre-
face to our liturgy well expreffes it, “the caufe that to
“turn the book only was fo hard and intricate a matter
“that many times there was more bufinefs to find out
“‘what fhould be read than to read it when it fhould be
“found out.” in the room of this pie was fubftituted
a calendar plain and eafy to be underftood; the fame
which is prefixed to The Englifh Liturgy. * Pica there-

fore is coeval with Great Primer.

And

* An example of the rules of Te Pie may not be unacceptable, as the
pie is but flenderly touched upon by any of our ritualift’s, and our
account of it may introduce fome literary anecdotes which are not
generally known. we take our example from the hyemal part of the
Breviary of Sarum printed in the y. 1555. in which after the denedic-
tio aq. et panis we have this prohemie :

“Tn nomine fanéte & individue Trinitatis.

@_ Incipit ordo breviarij feu portiforij fecundum morem & con-
fuetudinem ecclefie Sarum Anglicane: vna cum ordinali fuo quod
vfitato vocabulo dicitur Pica five direCtorium facerdotum. in tem-
pore pafchali Pars Hyemalis.

@ Pica

24 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

And fo is Long-primer. but we cannot fo eafily ac-
count for the epithet Long prefixed. yet as there is no-
thing
@. Pica ve Vominica prima Avuentus,

Littera Dominicalis A. tij Vecembris tata cantetur bpftoria Alpi-
ciens, fecunve vefpere erunt de fancto Ofmundo cum pleno ferni, in
craft, € folen. memo, De acta, Ve Do. t Ve fancta maria cum an, Aue
Marla,

Fe. 2 De fancto Ofmunvo ir lect. omnia Ve communt ynius con-
feffo. t ponti. fecunde veflp. erunt ve comme, ¢ memo, De Lancto. De
octa, De aduentu ¢ Ve fancta maria cum an, Aue maria. Seria, 3 5. ¢
fabba, De comme. t WR. fe. pretermittantur ¢ miffa de octa. fancti
Andree dicitur in capo.

Littera vo. 5. 5 halen. Decembris tota cantetur, te.

But the rule for this year was not the rule for the next. the fervice
varied according to different couplings of the dominical letter with
the golden number. the form of worfhip was befides perplexed by
fundry divifions and fubdivifions of the feftivals into certain degrees
and ranks of honour; as into Fe/?. dup/. and Fe/?. fimp/. the former of
which were fubdivided into principal. dupl— majus dupl. — invit. fimpl.
ix vel iif Je. and the Sundays into dominici principaliter privilegiat.—
majus privilegiat. — minus privilegiat.—inferius privilegiat.— And the
fervice was again interrupted by the intervention of anniverfaries and
commemorations, and again perplexed by ofaves and mourns and thuri-
Jications which were to be used at one time and not at another time;
by choral and non choral; and again diftracted by compound Services
when different fervices enjoined fhould happen to fall in and clafh
with one another: diftinctions tending more and more to make “ con-
fufion worfe confounded.” |

A larger account of the church-fervice of thefe times might here
be given, and we with it were not foreign from our prefent purpofe,
for the fame reafon which Mr Foxe briefly treating on this subject in
his Martyrology, fub ann. 1413 alledges “that the order and man-
“ner of it may not be unknown to our pofterity ” but for greater
fatisfaction we mutt refer the inquifitive to the Direforium facerdotum
quem [librum] pica Sarum vulgo vocitat clerus; a book containing all
thefe niceties, and more than once printed by our Exg/. printers;
as by Caxton without a date, by Pynfon in 1498, and again in 1508.
of Mr Caxton’s edit. we may almoft fay as Buxtorf, or Reland, or
fomebody elfe fays of the Maéation-book of the Jews worded in Dutch
but printed in Majfket; “‘legat qui vult aut qui poteff.” we mean no
more than to intimate that it abounds in abbreviations peculiar to
the fubject, and that if we remember rightly, it requires fome {kill
in Pica to read it with fluency.

This

AND FOUNDERIES. ay

thing in the letter which bears pre-eminence of length,
it fhould feem to have received its name from fome par-

ticular primer printed upon that body, either in lines —
at length and not in columns, or in a length of page
difproportionate to the breadth or more probably yet
from the firft primer fet out a /ong which was printed
on this body. to explain the meaning of which ex-
preffion we muft add to that which we have before
faid of the rules of the pie the title of 4 prymer of
Salifbury ufe fet out a long by Robert Valentine at Rouen
in the y.1555. but it happens that the book is printed
on another body, and Valentine was very carelefs, or
_ refiding in Normandy had forgot his native language;
for thus runs his title (his prpmer of Salifburp
bfe is fe tout a long withoutonpfer chpng/ with
manp ptapers/ ¢ goodlp pittures in the kalendet/
in the matins of our ladp in the boures of the

This book was compiled, though not originally, by Clem. de Mayde~
fron a brigittine fryar, but a brother, as Bifhop Tanner fays, of the
houfe at Hounde/low which was a houfe of Trinitarians, and this feeming
contradiction we cannot immediately reconcile. the book was intrufted
by the C4. of Sarum to Mr Clarke precentor in the King’s coll. Cambr.
to be corrected and made conformable to the True Ordinal of that
church. and this correction was occafioned by a difpute, warm at that
time, whether T4e Fe/tival of Corp. Chr. with an ofave fhould be cele-
brated cum regimine chori or fine regimine chori, the former of which was
the practice of the C’. of Sarum. then follows a defen/orium of this direc-
tory, and afterwards the tract called Crede Michientitled thus; Seguentes
articult ventilati funt et approbati per canonicos eccl. Sarum; et in primo de
oftabis Corp. Chr. and at the end the reafon of the appellation Crede
Michi is {aid to be, that as no rule is fet down in that tra€t which had
not been thoroughly debated and approved by the Canons of Sarum
and other {kilful men, and confirmed by their hands and feals, whoever
fhall obferve thofe rules fhall fcarcely err in the fervice of God.

To conclude with the breviary with which this note began: con-
fidering the infpection under which it muft have been fet forth the
colophon may deferve a fmile.—reuiarium feu Portiforium av
blum ecclefie Davifburienfis Lonvini impreffum per Denvicus
Kyngyfton et Henricus Sutton tppographi anno wnj sHilleflima ce.
but this was corrected in the ed. printed the next year.

crofie,

26 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

crofle/ in thes / vif pfalmes and in the Dyage.
And benetulp emprpnted at Rouen. 2.D.1.0,*
there is another with the fame title faid to have been
printed by Gowghe in 1535, for no other reafon as we
can perceive than that the almanac for xx years begins
with the y. 1535. but neither of thefe gives name to
our body; for the latter of thefe is gr. primer, the for-
mer pica.

Laftly, Brevier is coeval with the three; Greas-pri-
mer, Pica,and Long-primer; all four taking their names
from the fervice-books of the Church: the Brevier
being the body on which the firft breviary was printed,
or a body firft ufed in printing a breviary, or a body
on which breviaries were moft commonly printed.

And thefe are the regu/ar bodies. if any irregular bo-
dies are to be allowed, they can be no other than Zwo-
line-Pica, Paragon, Small-pica, and Bourgeoi/e, for thefe
only are in fizeintermediate. for the reft,as weexcluded
Canon becaufe it is above the fcale, fo we exclude
Minion, Nonpareil, Pearl, Ruby and Diamond, fo named
from their {mallnefs and fancied prettinefs, becaufe
they are below it.

We return from this digreffion to the Sepientrional
languages, the ftudy of which after the death of Mr
Junius was cultivated with greater ardour through the

* After the calendar follows this traét;

This maner to Ipvewell: veuoutlp and falutarilp merp vape for
all perfones of meane eflate Comppled bp matiire Fohan quentin
Voctour in Vininite at Paris. Cranflated out of frenche in to eng:
Ipthe bp Robert Copland printer at London,

The colophon.

Erpliciunt hove beatifime virginis Marie / fecundum vfam
Sarum / totaliter ad longum: cum ovationi beate Brigive / cum
multts alijs ovationibus / Jmprefle per Fohannem le pret tmpen-
fis honefliffimi birt Roberti valentint fuam officinam tenentis in
porticu bibliopolarum jurta evem bte Marie. fl. D. L. G.

means

AND FOUNDERIES. 27

means and by the labour of Dr Hickes, who having
received the tincture from Dr Marefchal Rect. of
Linc. coll. of which coll. Dr Hickes was fellow, was ex-
cited by Bz/h. Fell to the publication of the Fn/itutiones
Gramm. Anglo-Sax. et Mafo-Goth. printed at Oxon in
1689. but the Doctor after the Revolution entered
into the inmoft recefles of the Borealian languages, in-
{tigated thereunto principally by Dr Kennet, that Dr
Fickes’s mind and pen might be diverted from the po-
litics of the time. Dr Hickes was a Nonjuror, Dr Kennet
a Whig, afterwards bifhop of Pererd.

The The/aurus lingg. vett. Sepientr. came forth from
the Sheldonian in 1705. a work replete with learning
and antiquity. the conftituent part are grammars for
the Ma/ogothic, Anglo-Saxon, Franco-Teutonic and [flan-
dic languages: but this is a very inadequate defcription
of the work. it was epitomiz’d by Mr Wotton ina Con-
Jpetius brevis tranflated into Engl. by Mr Shelton for his
own improvement, and publifhed to fhew that one of
his Majefty’s juftices of the peace may have fenfe and
a tafte for learning. further ufe of the publication we
know not: for thofe who feek after this or any other
fort of knowledge will have recourfe to the originals.

In Dr Hickes’s time there was as it were a profluvium
of Saxonifis {pringing all from the fame fountain; Te

ueen’s College in the Univ. of Oxford, the nurfing mother
of Aréioans,—and of us; who are joyful upon every re-
membrance to make acknowledgement of love unfeigned
To the Houfe of Eglesfield. Bifhop Tanner, Bith. Nicol/on,
Bith. Gibjon, Mr Thwaites, MrElfiob, Mr Benfon, Mr Raw-
linfon, were the lights of Auglo-Saxonic literature; Mr
Thwaites the principal, the accurate editor of The Saxon
Heptateuch. with them muft be numbered Dr W111. Hop-
kins canon of Worc. Mr Humphrey Wanley (of Univ.
coll. we think) author of the hiftorical and critical cata-
logue of the Sepsentrional mf. remaining in Eng/. which
makes the latter part of Dr Hickes’s The/aurus, libra-

rian

28 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

rian to The E. of Oxf-and fon of the rev. Nathaniel Wan-
ley rect. of Trin. parifh in the city of Coventry, and col-
lector of The Wonders of the Little W orld,---anda young
lady Mifs Eliz. Elfiob, the fitter of Mr E/fob, and the in-
defeffa comes of his ftudies; a female ftudent in The Univ.
The defire of the partifans was that the ladies truly
fhould be taught the language of their progenitors, and
Mi/s Elficoh was to have been the inftrument of their
inftruction. her grammar was publifhedin the y. 1715. |
She procured a fount of Eng. Saxon to be cut accor-
ding to her own delineation from the mf. of the times.
they were cut by Mr Robert Andrews at the expence
of the Earl of Macclesfield. the punches and matrices
are now in The Clarendonian, a prefent made at the
inftance of one who would gladly fhew a greater in-
{tance of affection, by Mr Will. Bowyer, A Fell. of the
Soc. of Antiquaries of Lond. a typographer of the Sze-
phanian age; afon of Alma Cant. but a letter of Mr
Bowyer’s will {peak better than we can {peak for him;
and we infert it with the greater pleafure, as it men-
tions with honour thofe who live in our efteem.

EE 4 Dec. 1753.

I make bold to tranfmit to Oxford the Saxon Punches
and Matrices which you were pleafed to intimate
would not be unacceptable to that learned body. it
would be a great fatisfaction to me if I could by thefe
means perpetuate my obligations to that Noble Per-
fonage to whose munificence I am originally indebted
for them; the late Lord Chief Fuftice Parker, after-
wards Earl of Macclesfield: who among the numer-
ous benefactors which my father met with after his
houfe was burnt in 1712-3 generoufly procured thefe
types to be cut to enable him to print Mrs E//fob’s
Saxon Grammar.--- England had not then the advan-
tage of fuch an artift in letter-cutting as hath fince

7 arifen,

AND FOUNDERIES. 29

arifen, and it is to be lamented that the execution of
thefe is not equal to the intention of the Noble Donor,
and I now add, to the place in which they are to
be repofited. however I efteem it a peculiar happinefs
that as my father received them from a great patron of
learning, his fon configns them to the greateft femi-
nary of it; and that he is,

SIR,

ad

Your moft obliged friend,
and humble fervant,
Will. Bowyer.”

Thistype Mis E/fob ufed in her grammar,and in her
grammar only. in her capital undertaking, the publica-
tion of The Saxon Homilies, begun and left unfinifhed,
whether becaufe the type was thought unfightly to
politer eyes, or whether becaufe The Univ. of Oxf. had
cafta new letter that fhe might print thework withthem,
or whether (as fhe expreffes herfelf in a letter to her
uncle Dr El/iob) becaufe “women are allowed the privi-
lege of appearing in a richer garb and finer ornaments
than men”, fhe ufeda Saxon of the modern garb. but not
one of thefe reafons is of any weight with an antiquary,
who will always prefer the natural face to “ richer garb
and finer ornaments”’. and on his fide is reafon uncon-
trovertible. — {peaking in the fenfe in which we {peak the
Sax. nation and the Saw. language are extinct, and their
characters fhould be reprefented as they were exprefled
by thofe who ufed them. Goshic and Hunnic may be ex-
preffed in elegant modern Rom. or Jtal. but were a Goth
or an Hunn to return from the place to which they are
gone, they would fay their language was in mafquerade,
and they muft be taught to read their native tongues.

Mis Ejfiob was a northern lady ofan antient family
and a genteel fortune, but fhe purfued too much the
drug called learning, and in that purfuit failed of be-
_ ing careful of an one thing neceffary. in her latter
years fhe was tutorefs 1n the fam. of Te Duke of Port-

land,

30 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

land, where we have vifited her in her fleeping-room
at Bulfrode, farrounded with books and dirtinefs the
ufual appendages of folk of learning. but if any one
defires to fee her as fhe was when fhe was the favour-
ite of Dr Hud/on and the Oxonians they may view her
pourtraiture in the initial G of Te Enghi/b-Saxon homily
on the birth-day of St Gregory. the countenance of S:
Greg. in the Saxon Jq is taken from Mr Thwaites, and
both were engraved by Gridelin, though Mich. Bur-
ghers* was at that time engraver to The Univ.

The progeny of the 4ug/o-Saxon, which follows next
in courfe, is numerous. but we fhall mention no more
than we know to have been cut and funk. purfuing
therefore the defcent from the fount of Mi/s Elfod,
which though it approaches nearly to the o/d Saxon has
yet fome tincture of the innovations brought by K.
Alfred from Rome and by K. Edward the conf. from Nor-
mandy, all whichcoalefcing formed the Engi/b hand, we
come to the “uglo-Norman, of which in our foundery
are two founts Great-primer and Eng. both capitals, of
the form ufed for fome centuries after the ingrefs of
William for inf{criptions on grave-ftones, and for ini-
tials in mff. and fometimes for feneftral infcriptions in
the painted windows of churches. though for the latter
the church-text was the proper and moft ufual hand. as
fufile types they are quite uncommon. for we never
faw any but our own, nor ever knew the type to be
ufed but by a gent. of the Soc. of Antiquaries to amufe
himfelf with their children by adoption.

* He lived in a tenement belonging to The Queen’s Coll. and called
Shoppa fexta, which with the reft of the /bopp¢ in number ten is now
taken into the {cite of the coll. the front wall of which ftands upon
the foundations of the decem /boppe. we knew his neice Dufch-built
and in mean condition. fhé ironed for us -- fo likewife one Fanny, a
neice of Auth. Hiftoriograph. was our bed-maker, more we could men-
tion contemporaries, and of the race of contemporaries, in their time
in literary eftimation. but a concern for the illiberal offices to which

fortune had fubjected them impofes filence.
The

AND FOUNDERIES. 31

The Engi/b formed by a coalition of the Saxon and
the Norman hall facceed; though in ftrictnefs it ought
to have precedence. it is a common and well known
character. fo no more need be faid of it.

It’s derivative branches for which fufiletypes have
been prepared are The /et Court, the ba/e Secretary, and
the running Secretary. of the /et Court we have two founts,
Double-pica and Eng. of the running Secretary one fount
Great-Primer.— The ba/e Secretary is not our’s. it has
been cut by Mr Cottrel on a Two-lne Eng. body. it is
the common engroffling hand formed from the srue
Secretary by rounding the points to fave time; in which
too a kind of round Text is ufed inftead of the /guare
Text of the /guare Secr. and is called German Text.

The Court we never faw upon paper. nor is it likely
that we ever fhall; the legiflature of the y.1733 having,
on petitions from the juftices of the peace, gentlemen,
grand-jury and freeholders of the Ea/t and North and
Weft ridings of the county of York thought it meet and
requifite to abolifh a character which they could not
read: a grand and noble character adapted for informa-
tion to pofterity. the character in which the records of
the realm are written.

Their petitions fet forth that grand-jury-men were
obliged to make their prefentments ina language which
they did not underftand, and in acharacter unknown to
any but the learned in the law; and for the juftices, that
when their procedings were to be removed by a certio-
rari the returns were to be made in the fame language
and character unknown, which put their worfhips togreat
expence in feeing counfel to draw the fame; and they pray
that thefe grievances may be taken into confideration,
and fuch remedy be granted, as to the houfe fhall feem
meet. the confideration was referred toacommitteewho
) 22 Febr.1 730-1 reported“ T hat the proceedings of the
“law being in law-/azn abbreviated and written in court-
“hands and characters unintelligible and not legible

ce to

32 OF ENGLISH POUNDERS,

“to the moft part of the perfons concerned efpecially
“in criminal cafes are the great caufe of the delay of
“juftice, and occafion moft dangerous frauds.” and
it is ordered that a bill be brought in upon the faid
refolutions (for there are more, but they don’t concern
us) agreed to by the houfe.

And had thefe honeft gentlemen who thus confeffed
their ignorance been indulged with the liberty of pur-
fuing an hen-rooft-robbery in the language of she
ridings, there would be no great caufe of complaint;
but the bill out-ftrips the refolutions: it goes to mat-
ters of the higheft confequence, and makes that al-
teration in the law, which pofterity will ever rue.

The da/e and running Secretary however ftill furvive,
the poor remains of the Law-hands of England, and bear
a part confiderable in the modern education of anattor-
ney’s clerk.— fome of our running Secr.is ufed for fym-
bols by Mr Oughtred in his Clavis Maz. printed by Leon.
Litchfield under the infpection of Dr Walls in 1693
--- but of this running Secretary a word more is to be
added: it feems to [be] an imitation of a type of Granjon
which has been mentioned before* (or Granjon’s an
imitation of that)as will appear by comparing ours with
the Hore b. Virg. printed by him at Parisin 1558; the
only book which we have of Granjon’s, and it efcaped
our remembranceat the time when that note was written.
fo there may be a miftake in the fenfe inwhich that part
of the note is conceived, “that /’e/criture 4 la main was
the common-hand-writing of the people,” which Gran-
jon’s certainly is not. as for Plantin’s we never fawit. our
Secretary is the /aw-curfive of the reign of Qu. Ehiz.

Still further dwindling we come to bafer characters
in ufe amongft us.

Union-pear! is a letter of fancy. it is Eng. and of a
recent date. for nothing exactly correfpondent is given
us amongft the whims of 2ciar of Saragofa the Cocker
vibe TOs De

of

Se ae ae” ee ee a

AND FOUNDERIES. 33

of the Spaniards in 1550. it receives the name from the
pearls which grow in couples, to which the nodules
in the letter were conceived to bear fome refemblance.
though it does not feem to have been intended for that
denomination by him who cut it, but like the bodies
Paragon, Nonpareil, &Sc.to have been named after it was
finifhed according to the fancy of the cutter; though it
has been faid that the name of this letter is Union-only,
and that it was fo named becaufe it was cut for a poem
to be infcribed to 9, Anne at the time of the Union of
England and Scotland. but this too muft be a miftake
arifing from the equivocal, unlefs the panegyrifts began
where they fhould have ended, and prepared the type
before they had compofed the poem, or confidered
whether the acquifition would foar to poetry; for the
poem did not appear. the matrices came in Mr Grover’s
foundery. The fvenchare reviving thisand other letters
of fancy which in titles have an effect not unpleafing.

The Curforial is a flimfey type imitating a p/eudo-
Italian hand-writing, and fitted for ladies and beaux-
candidates for fair places donative, who courta platten
to fave unneceflary trouble and to conceal their man-
agement of a pen. of this are feven founts in our foun-
dery, and no other Engi/b founder has at prefent any.
but Mr Cottrel and Mr Fack/on are both cutting new
founts refembling the common round-hand of the Eng.
writing-{chools.

The Hibernian was cut in England by Mr Moxon
for the edit. of Bp Bedel’s tranflation of the Old Teft.
in 1685, the only type of that language we ever
faw, (for the N. Teft. printed in 1612 is printed in
Rom. with the difcrepants only.) with letter caft from
thefe matrices The Book of Common Prayer trans-
lated into this Janguage, and Mr Richardj/on’s {ermons
who was chaplain to The D. of Ormond then L. Lieut.
were printed by EZnor Everingham at the Seven Stars
in Ave-Mary-lane. the punches and matrices have

ever

1695.

34 OF ENGLISH POUN DERS,

ever fince continued in England. the Iri/h themfelves
have no letter of this face, but are fupplied with it by
us from Eng. though it has been faid, but falfely, that
the Univ. of Louvain have lately procured a fount to
be cut for the ufe of the Jri/h Seminary there.

And now we have done with the North, though we
forget not the elegant edit. of Bede publifhed at Camobr.
by Dr Smith, a Borealian, and near relation of Dr
Smith, late Provoft of The Queen’s in Oxf. nor our late
honoured friends The Rev. Mr Wife and The Rev. Mr
Lye, the Second Funius, whofe pofthumous work would
have carried another form and borne another title had
not death anticipated the deftination.

About the time of Mr Funius’s gift to the Univ.
the excellent Bp Fe//, moft ftrenuous in the caufe of
learning, had regulated and advanced the learned
prefs in the manner which had been intended by archb.
Laud, and which would by him have been effected had
not the iniquity of thofe anarchical and villainous
times prevented. ---he gave tothe Univ.a noblecollec-
tion of letter, confifting (befides the common founts
Rom.and Ital. ) of Hebr.Samaritan, Syriac, Arabic ( Perfic,
Turkifo and Malayan bought of Dr Hyde) Armenian,
Coptic, “Ethiopic, Greek, Runic, Saxon, Englhfb, and
Sclavonian: Mufic, Aftronomical and Mathematical figns
and marks, flowers, €Sc. together with the punches
and matrices from which they were caft, and all other
utenfils and apparatus neceflary for a printing-houfe
belonging to the Univerfity. the Sc/avonian (firft cut
by Vofkens ) is the Cyrillian or antient church-character
of the Ruffians, of which the Univ. purchafed a better
cut letter in the y. 1695. as for the modern charac-
ter of the Ruffans, which too has now put on the
Rom. and Jta/. faces, there is not any of it as yet in Eng-
land. 2

Specimens of the letter given by Bi/h. Fell, and an
account of the foundery were feveral times printed

between

AND FOUNDERIES. 3;

between the years 1695 and 1715. we have four; the
laft of which was publifhed in or after the y. 1706. at
which time the number of boxes was 3 b> coeeate
upwards of 6000 matrices.

The Coptic ufed in the edit. of the NV. Te/. publifhed
in 1716. and the neater Copsic in the foundery of Mr
Caflon, and the Armenian cut by Mr Ca/lon for the two
Mr Whiftons have been already mentioned.

The Evtrufcan therefore, fuccefsfully purfued by
The Rev. Mr Swinton of Oxf. the firft. of the Engl.

1706.

1716.

learned who have applied their ftudies to that antient _

language, muft clofe our account of the learned types.
they were cut by the late Mr Ca/flon in the Vice-
chancellorfhip of Dr Holmes for the ufe of that very
learned linguift Mr Swinton. and pleafing would it be
to us, though we fear the wifh is vain, to view the
next emotions of grief or joy conceived in Phanician,
Palmyrene, or Samnian brought forth by /ead and regu-
lus and not by copper.

So ends our account of languages which are real.
to it we fubjoin the bare mention of fome which
are fictitious; the Utopian of Sir Thomas More, the
Formofan of Pfalmanaazaar, the univerfal character of
Mr Cave Beck, the univerfal character of Geo. Dal-
_ garno, and (perhaps) the Philo/ophical of Bith. Wilkins.
the matrices for the Real Charaéer of the latter are
in our foundery, and were part of Mr Moxon’s, and
were cut by him. Bp Wilkins’s is a peculiar character
devifed by himfelf: Mr Beck’s and Dalgarno’s not. the
three laft mentioned we have ventured to call lan-
guages becaufe they have been fo called before us:
but Dalgarno more properly names his performance
Ars Signorum : the attempt of them all is to reprefent
not words but things, to reunite that which God hath
divided, to take away the confufion intended as a foil
to the ambition of man, and—to build anew The
Tower of Babel,

We

1733-

36 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,
We mutt add fomething of a fufile fo far extrinfi-

cal as that it is not confined to any particular face or
language, but is ufed indifcriminately with them all;
yet is it not an appurtenance indifpenfibly neceflary
to a fount. we mean the Flowered letters and the Metal
flowers, of which laft our foundery abounds with a great
variety.

Thefe fucceeded the vignertes and imagery of the z//u-
_ miners, whofe bufinefs funk into difufe foon after the
introduction of printing, and the art itfelf into total
oblivion, till Mr Wanley in the courfe of his fearches
for the Catal. brorum vett. Septentrional. lighted upon
a little treatife written in the y. 1525 to fhew the
practice: a fecret which he kept to himfelf, and by
the help of it refrefhed the injured or decayed illumi-
nations in the library of the Earl of Oxford. we con-
ceal the name of the author and the repofitory of the
book, becaufe we would not willingly be anticipated
in our defign of printing the tract. the mf. was tran-
fcribed by Mi/s El/fob in 1710. and a copy of her tran-
{cript is in our poffeffion, copied by Mr Geo. Ballard a
Mantua-maker of Campden in Glouc. a perfon ftudious
in Eng/. antiquities, laborious in his purfuits,a Saxoni/2,
and after quitting the external ornaments of the fex,
a contemplator of their internal qualifications; a demi
of Magd. coll. Oxon. and author of Memoirs of feveral
ladies of Great Britain who have been celebrated for their
writings or fkill in the learned languages arts and fciences.
Oxon. 4to. 1752.

The Flowered Letters came in lieu of the initials of
the antient mff. but not immediately after the inven-
tion of printing. for in the firft printed books a blank
was ufually left for the infertion of the initials by
the pencil of the illuminator; a fmall letter, being
placed in the center for his cue, becaufe his knowledge
confifted chiefly in the formation of a great one. this
was in the infancy of the art when printed books

were

AND FOUNDERIES. 37

were intended to pafs for mff. but the practice was
continued after the art had been divulged, andafter the
mf. character began to give way to the Rom. and even
in books printed in the Rom. character where could be
no poflibility of deception.

It fometimes happens that in antient copies the ini-
tials are not inferted, but the blanks and cues remain
as they came from the prefs. thefe are unfinifhed copies
not having paffed the hands of the illuminer. fuch is
a copy which we have of Piuy’s Nat. Hifi. printed at
Venice in 1483 (a very rare book and never feen by the
curious Mr Maiziaire) the firft inftance which occurs
to our memory. but the matter needs no proof, being
well known to all who are converfant in books.

That blanks therefore fhould be left in fuch books
is not to be wondered at. but that blanks fhould be left
in a book which was not intended to have been illu-
minated is not fo eafily to be accounted for. yet fo it is
in the aftronomical tables of /fonfus reduced to me-
thodical order by Job. Lucilius Santritter of Heilbronand
printed at Venice by Hamman in 1492. for Hamman or
Hertzgog was well furnifh’d with initials and flowered
letters in wood. he had half adozen fets at leaft of differ-
ent forts and fizes,as appears by the book itfelf; and yet
many blanks are left though he was able to have made
them good. his ornaments are very well for the time,
and the book is very well printed. but the art of wood-
cutting was greatly improved within a few years after-
wards, as may be feen from the cuts ufed in the Mz/fal.
ad vf. Sarum printed in the Univ. of Parisin 1515. and
the Hit. Var. of Fofippus ben-Gorion in Hebrao-German
printed at Zurich in 1546, which are very neat. the firft
edition of Santritter we have: the fecond we never faw.

This ed. of the “/phonfine tables, which were after-
wards reprinted by Santriter himfelf in 1494 is not to be
difmiffed without producing from an epiftle prefixed
to it and written in anfwer to one from Aug. Moravus

of

38 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

of Olmutz exhorting Santr. to the publication of the
firft ed.a fignal teftimony in favour of the Germans ; not
mentioned by any one to our knowledge, and older
than any which have been mentioned. at leaft it is co-
eval with that of Tvizhemius who was then living, and
has this preference to the teftim. of the abbat, that it
was made public to all the world by the art which it
celebrates at a time when the fact was recent,and when
hundreds of witnefles were alive to confirm or to con-
front it; whereas the abbat’s hift. was then a mf. in
his own ftudy. and if a fact which has been fo ear-
neftly contefted fince were not then notorious the Duich
would not have tarried almoft a century-and-half for
a funius to have controverted it.

Santritter then, after defending Regiomontanusagainft
the carpings and {narlings of fome ignorant Zoli goes
on in defence of his country, provoking as it were a
rival to accept his challenge. our extract is at the bot-
tom of the page™*.

Thefe flowered letters were heavy in their afpect,
and cumberfome by their bulk and number; for they
were generally formed toa very deep-line capital and
of neceffity muft run through the alphabet. therefore

* Sed fortaffe non vnius hominis Germani odio flagrant : fed totius
gentis. Faceffat nunc inuidia & rerum jufti extimatores fimus: fi vita
diuinior theoreumatibus redditur : vel vno 4/Jerto Magno totus or-
bis Germanis debet : vt imprefentiarum ceteros obmittam : tum phi-
ficis tum diuinis & mathematicis difciplinis eruditifimos : quorum
fi nomina & libros recenferem: me prius dies deficeret quam ad
nouifiimum pervenirem. fi vero que ad quottidianum vfum necef-
faria funt miris cogitatibus inuenta commendabiliorem quampiam
gentem reddunt: nulla profecto gens hanc preftat. plurima namq3 &
ad pacis commoda & ad ornamenta inuenit. quantum vero bombarde
Germanorum inuentum in bellis valeant difjecte menium validifime
moles inter cetera documento effe poflunt : vt mirificam illam impreffo-
riam artem a noftratibus inuentam filentio tranfeam: qua doétorum monu-
menta non folum ab interitu liberantur: verum etiam copiofiffime pofteris
traduntur. res innumeras noftri homines inuenere alterius dictionis &
temporis. quibus, &ec.

a /uc-

AND FOUNDERIES. 39

a /uccedaneum fingle and more neat expelled them: a
bordure which encompaffes any capital of the fame
body, and which for this extenfivenefs of application
has been denominated a fac-totum.

The Meza/-flowers were the firft ornaments ufed in
printed books to be fet at the head of the firft page
and the tail of the laft page, as well as at the head and
tail of any feparate part of the whole work. and they
were fometimes ufed as an edging to the matter accord-
ing to the tafte of the author or the printer. they were
ufed but {paringly and with {mall variety, but in time
they became more numerous, and were cut in feveral
fhapes forms and devices, and continued in reputation
till Cuzters in Wood fapplanted them. when Mr Moxon
wrote they were accounted old-fafhioned. but the ufe
of them was revived by the French and Germans and
the variety of them confiderably encreafed by the Two
Mr ‘Fames’s in England.

The flower-matrices in their foundery have been
divided into o/d and new, which to be fure is a divi-
fion, but fuch as conveys nothing or a falfe idea to the
underftanding.

We are to obferve then that the latter, though
moftly now in vogue, are mere figures of fancy, made up
of circular oval and angular turns, contrived to look
light airy and unmeaning, and to try the genius or pa-
tience of a compofitor.

But the former expreffed fome meaning and were
adapted to other purpofes then barely to drefs and
decorate a page. they were formed from real objects
natural_.and artificial, civil and military. as from weeds
and flowers of the field and garden, leaves, branches,
fruits, flower-bafkets, flower-pots, urns, croffes, ban-
ners, launces, fwords, and tilting {pears, and other fim-
ples culled from the fields of nature and of heraldry;
yet germane to the fubject matter of the work.

They

40 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

They were frequently emblematical and monitory;
as cherubs faces for the hymns of charity girls, hour-
glaffes for lugubrious orators, and mort-heads for the
parifh-clerks. they were fymbolical of nations; as the
crown and rofe, the crown and lyz, the crown and
harp;—of dignities and orders; as diadems, crowns,
mitres and coronets; the red hat called at Camb. the
Cardinal’s cap, where too the mitre is called the golden
night-cap; the courtelafs; the arms of U//er, and the
anchor of hope: the Scozch-thiftle and fprigs of rue;
both /ub-fymbolical; the former rendered more fo by
the cry de guerre “Noli me tangere;”’ —of ftates and
conditions; as the myrtle, the weeping willow, and
the bugle-horn. with many others which to enumerate
would be tedious here.

Thus have we with fuch materials as memory has
fupplied gone through the hiftory of printing types in
Eng. from the introduction of the art to the prefent
time. 1t remains that we ftep a little backwards, and
mention what we know of thofe who formed them;
the founders of the latter times: thofe namely who
fince the maturity of typography have exercifed that
branch of it folely, in our account of whom we truft
that deficiencies will be overlooked with candor.

The firft whofe names we meet with particularly
diftinguifhed as Founders, are

‘Fohn Gri/mand,
Thomas Wright,
Arthur Nicholas, and
Alexander Fifield,

the Four Founders appointed by The Court of Star-
chamber in 1637 to ferve the whole kingdom.

By thefe or fome of them we may fuppofe to have
been cut the letter ufed in The Engi. Polyglott: but as
we cannot affign to any of them their particular per-

formances

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‘]
‘
>
é
wud

AND FOUNDERIES. 41

formances we fhall till we are better able to afcertain
them call their labours by the name of The Polyglott
Foundery, which, as nearly as that work and The Hepia-
glott which accompanies it inftruct us, is defcribed at
the bottom of the page*. but it is not to be doubted
confidering the elegance and fimplicity of the affort-
ment which we fee, that the foundery was as com-
pletely furnifhed with that which we fee not,and which
for that reafon we cannot mention.

The ingenious Mr fofeph Moxon is the next. he
founded at Lond. from 1659 to 1683. his bufinefs
was that of 4 Mathematical Infirument Maker. and in
the year 1665 he was hydrographer to his Majefty
K. Ch. II. and lived at the fign of Alas on Ludgate-
hill near Fleet-Bridge. in 1668 he dwelt at the fign of
Ailas in Warwick lane. the caufe of his removal un-
doubtedly was the conflagration of 1666. but as War-
wick-lane was deftroyed in that conflagration as well
as Ludgate-hill we can only fuppofe that he dwelt in
one of the temporary edifices there fet up till the prin-
cipal ftreet could be rebuilt. after which Mr Moxon
returned to the neighbourhood of his former habita-
tion, and dwelt on the Weft fide of F/eet-ditch. he was

* The Polyglott Foundery. The
ORIENTALS. pooeler
HEBR. Two-/. Eng. double-pic. and Eng. 1 a

SAMAR. with the Evg/. face; Eng.
SYRIAC, doub. pic. and gr. pr.
ARAB. doub. pic. and gr. pr.
MERIDIONAL.
ATHIOPIC, Eng. or pic.
OCCIDENTALS.
GREEK, gr. pr. and fm. pic.
rom. and 1TaL. Two-/. Eng. doub. pic. gr. pr. Eng. pica, long pr.

Reva 54 pic. 22. gr. pr. fmm. pic.

SEPTENTRIONAL.
ENGLISH, pica.

elected

42 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

elected a Fellow of The R. Soc. 30 Nov. 1678. an
admirable Mechanic he was and Handicraft, and
having been many years converfant in thofe trades
in which the chief knowledge of all handy-works
lies, in the year 1677 began to communicate to the
public in monthly publications the knowledge he
had attained. thefe publications he entitles Mechan-
ick-Exercifes, or the Doéirine of Handy-works; all new
matter not collected or tranflated from any others.
thefe exercifes he continued to publifh monthly till
Oates’s plot obftructed by taking off the minds “of
“his few cuftomers from buying them.” the firft vol.
treating of the Smith's, ‘foiner’s, Carpenier’s and Turn-
er’s trades were then finifhed. in 1686 the work was re-
fumed, and the fecond vol. which treats of the art of
typography in it’s whole extent was finifhed in 24 num-
bers about the year 1686. beyond which trades Mr
Moxon went not, being prevented by death or by want
of encouragement, though his purpofe was to have
gone through many more.

His foundery makes part of the foundery of Mr
Robert Andrews: and though the name of the inge-
nious artift has in this inftance been forgotten, there
are many circumftances which evince the truth of
our affirmation. fuch are a variety of fimilar types
appearing in his Mechanick-Exerci/es, particularly the
Can. Rom. which is now Mr Caffon’s, and came from
Mr Andrews’s foundery: the Univ. Charaéer of Bp
Wilkins: the fymbols of Mr Adams: and the char-
acters ufed by Mr Moxon himfelf where in his exer-
cifes he defcribes the office of a correéfor. but thefe
laft have fince Mr YFames’s death for want of curi-
ofity and knowledge, or of fomething elfe, in the
perfon who firft attempted to digeft the foundery,
been fhot to wafte and pye, and muft perifh with
other things which from the fame want have fhared

the

AND FOUNDERIES. 43

the fame fate, unlefs they fhould be the lot of One of
curlofity and patience fufficient to feparate and digeft
the mafs.

Mr Moxon publifhed feveral Mathematical treatifes
between the years 1658 and 1687. oneis called Compen-
dium Euchdis Curiofi, tranflated by him out of Dutch into
Engh/b and printed at London in 1677.which may give
occafion to fuppofe that Mr M. refided long enough
in Holland to acquire the language by practice; for
there are reafons to think that he did not attain it by
the rules of grammar.

Sorry we are that we can fay no more of this excel-
lent artift. the death of our ingenious friend Mr Geo.
Adams, who likewife was hydrographer to his Maj.
and a fucceflor to Mr Moxon as well in fkilfulnefs and
curiofity as in office, has deprived us of many anec-
dotes which would have decorated this account. this
however we may add, more immediately relating to
us at prefent, that Mr Moxon by nice and accurate
divifions adjufting the fize fituation and form of the
feveral parts and members of /etter, and the propor-
tion which every part bore to the whole; by the exact
conftruction of his ftanding-gages, and gages for the
counter-punches of angulars,a new thing to the let-
ter-cutters of his time who worked by eye and hand
only, and by repeated ftampings of the counter-punch
in lead tried how it pleafed them, and never made
two of the fame ftandard; by laying down for once
the angles required for the flopes of the Jtalick, {culp-
ing down the upper-fhouldering of the zu/ra-foot-
line fwafhes which others only filed away as far as
they could, leaving the reft, after the letter fhould be
caft, to the kerning-knife; and in fhort by applying
in every inftance geometry and mathematical and
mechanical fkill to the art of letter-cutting, was the
firft of Englifb letter-cutters who reduced to rule the
art which before him had been practifed but by guefs,

and

Mr Moxon’s

Foundery,
1660.

Bp Fell’s
Foundery,
1667.

44 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

and left to fucceeding artifts examples that they might
follow his practice*.

Peter Walpergen at Oxford in 1683. of whom as we
can fay nothing more than that he is fometimes called
Walperger, and by his name feems to have been a for-
eigner, and a tranfient through the means of Burgh-
ers, we fhall here introduce the account of the ma-
trices feverally given to the Univ. by Bf. Fel/and by
Mr Funius, which according to thechronology of print-
ing types in England fhould follow here**. this ac-

count

Mr Moxon’s Foundery.

It has been before obferved that Mr Moxon’s foundery makes part
of Mr Robert Andrew’s foundery; we believe the moft confiderable
part: but as they cannot without great trouble be feparated we are
content that Mr Moxon’s fhall be included in Mr Andrews’s of which
an account fhall be given in it’s proper place.

There was a ames Moxon who in the year 1677 lived “ near Char-
ing-cro/s in the Strand, right againft King Harry the Eighth’s Head;”
at whofe houfe Mr Moxon’s books were fold; and an F. Moxon, philo-
mat. who in 1696 lived at the 4#/as in Warwick-Jane, and in that year
publithed jointly with Ven. Mandey $¥lechanick-Powers: or the
miftery of nature avd art unvailed. and an . Moxon who in 1701
publifhed a mathematical dictionary in 8vo. but whether thefe are
one and the fame perfon, or whether and how related to Mr Fo/eph
Moxon we cannot fay: but there feems to have been an intention of .
grafting lucre upon Mr Moxon’s name, and a defire that the F fhould
pafs for Fo/eph, as with the unwary it fometimes does.

ORIENTALS.
HEBR. great and fmall, matr. 546.
SAMAR. (Eug.) 30.
SYRIAC, 121.
ARAB. SYR. and HEBR. 238.
ARMEN. 77.

MERIDIONALS.
COPTIC 195;
ETHIOPIC, 224.
OCCIDENTALS:
GREEK, parag. 445. gr. pr. 456. Augu/?.353. pic.513. ong-pr.354.

ROM.

Ie Bifhop Fei/’s Foundery.

AND FOUNDERIES. 45

count may contradict what we have faid before, that Mr
Junius brought into Eng. letter only without punches or
matrices. for the Runic, Sax. Sc. of the Dutch height fhould
feem to be his.what the &c. comprehends we cannot pre-
tend to fay; but the pica Engli/h with a pretty face men-
tioned in p. 16. 1s (if we forget not) of the Dutch height;
and Mr Funius’s defign did neceffarily require that the
reft of his letter fhould be of the fame height. therefore
to make amends for any injury which we may unwit-
tingly have done to Mr ‘Funius, he fhall be the donor of
a foundery to the Univ. and upon a prefumption that
this is true his foundery fhall be confidered hereafter
as making partof the Foundery of the Univ. of Oxjord.
but if we arewrong we are not to be blamed: for the ma-
terials from which this account of the Oxford Foundery
is drawn are not foaccurate as might have been expected
from an archetypographus and the curators of the She/-
donian **, In excufe may be alledged that neither the

arche-

ROM. great brafs caps. 40. canon,204. doub. pic. 123. gr.pr.121.
another by Nicols.... Augu/?. 142. pic.156. pica for Welch....
long-pr.155. brev.156. fin. pic. 142. nonp.134.

ITAL. doud. pic.87. gr.pr.85, another by Nicols.... Auguff.114.
pic.130. long-pr.121. brev.134. fim. pic. 142. nonp.121.

SEPTENTRIONALS.

ANGLO-SAX,.

ENGLISH, Eng.73.

SCLAVONIAN, gr. pr. 110.

MATH. marks and fymbols, 72.

MUSIC, 284.

FLOWER matrices. ...

Long-pr. BRACES, 16.

PUNCHES. Samarit. 71. Syriac,58. Perf. Turc. and Mal....
Coptic, 33. Greek, 2 1. doub. pic.38. 21. Eng. 11. doudb. pic. 160.
gr.pr.120. Rom. and Ital. 21. gr. pr.183. doubl. pic. and gr. pr.
325. Eng.174. Eng. 73. Sclavon.109. Math....Mufic, 180.
Braces and long-pr. Rules, with fome hundreds more of all forts.

** Mr Funiuss Foundery. |

SEPTENTRIONALS.
RUNIC, GOTHIC, ANGLO-SAX. ENGL. ISLANDIC, DAN-
ISH, pic. SWEDISH, Eng. OCCL

Mr Funius’s
Foundery,
1677.

46 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

archetypographus nor the curators are Letter-foun-
ders; certainly that the matter has not been treated
with that precifion which in fo learned a body fhould
feem to be requifite.—for one inftance among oth-
ers which might be produced, take the Doudle-pica,
brevier and nonpareil Hebrew, the only Hebrew types
the Univ. then had. they are Two-dne Eng. Eng. and
Long Primer. and this miftake has run through all the
editions of the Oxford {fpecimen; and in the laft of
1770, the leaneft and the worft of all, appears moft
glaringly: for this drevier is placed immediately un-
der Ca/lon’s long-pr. a diverfity fufficient one would
think to fhew the blunder without the aid of a mag-
nifier. the zonp. as it 1s called is omitted in this laft fp.
and fo are many other fets of matrices which have been
given to the Univ. touching which enquiry fhould
be made out of refpect (at leaft) to the memory of the
donors.

—— Nicols, in 1690.

(fohn) Grover.

Thomas Grover, his fon; both whom 4mes who is ex-
ceedingly incorrect throughout his work calls Glover.
their founding-houfe was in /4ngel-alley in Alder/vate-
frreet and their foundery is particularized below *.

M:
OCCIDENTALS. if

GREEK, ROM. ITAL, pica.
and this is the beft account we can give of it who are not upon the
{pot.
Mr Grover’s) * "The Foundery of the two Mr Grovers.
Kounders (ORIENT ALS
. 1700, ; , ,
hs HEBR. Bibl. gr. pr. 30. pic. 80. long-pr.60. brev.130.
SAMAR. with the Eng. face, Eng. 32.
SYRIAC, doub. pic. 60. pic. 80.
ARAB. doub. pic. 30.

MERIDIONAL.
copric (the new hand) 81. gz.— this feems to be a miftake of the
cataloguers who had fallen upon fomething which they did not
underftand; we fuppofe the 4/exandrian fount, which from the
femblance

AND FOUNDERIES. 47

Mr Thomas Grover had feveral daughters, one of
whom, Caffandra, was the wife of Mr = Meres, and

femblance they took to be Coptic. the numb. 81 was made up with
fomething elfe which they were ftrangers to; and fo are we. but
whatever it was (if it is in the foundery) it is now in its proper place.

OCCIDENTALS.

GREEK, doud. pic. large-f.183.{m.-f.... gr.pr.144. Eng.350. pic.
380. another 120. /ong-pr.120. dbrev. very fine 426. another
imperf. 2 /.full-f. capitals 23.

ROM. andITAaL.(regulars) 2 /. Eng. full-f.cap.31. 2/ Eng. r.100. 17.
77. doub. pic.R. large-f.120. 17. 98. {m.-f.R.126. 17.98. gr.pr.R.
large-f.102. 17.105. {m.-f.R.153. 17.105. {m.caps.27. Eng.r.
159.1T.114. twoother Eng.r.and1T- founts (one called the old
Eng.) Eng.{m.cap.27. pic.r.broad-f.85. pic.r.called King’s hou/e
146. pic.r.andiT.292. pic.1T.42.{m.cap.27. /ong-pr.R.and
17.177. another called King’s-/ou/ez26. another fount 219. two
others. fm. cap. 27. drev. large-f.r. 96. R. andir. 241. R. and
iT. {m.-f....17.... (title letters and irregulars) 5 / pic. full-f.
cap. 31. caz.R.87.1T. 70. can.lean-f.R.cap.57. 2/.doub. pic.
full-f.cap.26. 2/4. gr. pr. full-f. cap. 31. 2/ gr. pr.r. 86. 17.68.
2/. pic.full-f.cap.31. 2/ pic.r.83.117.77. 24. fm. pic. full-ficap.
27. 2/. long-pr. full-f.cap. 31. 2/.brev.full-f. cap. 21. paragon r.
106. 17.38. /m. pic.R.andiT.175. another 233. fm. cap. 27.
minionR. and 17.175. nonp.R.anditT. 174. another 175. pearl
rR. andi. 167. diamondr. and it. 94.

SEPTENTRIONALS.

ANGLO-SAXON, £7. ff. 2.0 pic. 30.

ENGLISH, doud. pic.69. gr.pr.66. another with Jaw, 73. Eng.82.
another with /42w128. /ong-pr.numb.I.74. numb. II. 89. numb.

> ll. 74. brev.73.—— 22. gr.pr.69. fin. pic. 70. nonp.88.

SCRIPTORIAL, dowd. pic.Court 80. Eng. Court 100. gr. pr. Secre-
tar.105. doub. pic.-Union-pearl 61.

CURSIVE, doub.pic.... gr.pr.6g. Eng. numb. I. 68. numb. II.
57. pic.... long-pr. 68.

GEOMETRICAL and ALGEBRAICAL fymbols, asTRONOMICAL,
ASTROLOGICAL, and PHARMACEUTICAL charaéters, Eng.
55. Figures ftruck in circles and {quares Eng. 22. pic. Aftro-
nomical characters bel. to pica King’s houfe 22. pica Algebraical
and Pharmaceutical marks, and cancelled figures 3 fets. /oug-pr.
dominical letters, Aftronom. Aftrolog. and Pharmaceut. marks
and characters. . . . /ong-pr. Fractions 20.

MUSIC, gr. pr. 176.

FLOWERS 200.

space-rules, METAL-rules, and BRACES ISO.

Some PUNCHEs for pic. Jong-pr. and nonp. Greek, and fome /ong-
pr. and other punches. No

Mr Robert

Andrews’s

Foundery,
1706.

48 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

Mr Meres’s daughter E/iz. was the wife of Mr Rich.
Nutt.

Mr Grover’s foundery was the joint property of all
his daughters, and was appraifed and valued 14 O%.
1728 by Mr Thomas Fames and the late Mr Ca/fon,
and Mr Ca/flon contracted for the purchafe of it; but
the daughters of Mr Grover thinking the foundery
undervalued refufed to join in the fale of it to Mr
Caflon: fo the foundery remained locked up at Mr
Nut’s houfe thirty years, Mr Nuit in the mean time
cafting from the matrices for the ufe of his own print-
ing-houfe. at length all the daughters of Mr Grover
being dead the whole property centered in Mr Nui,
of whom it was purchafed by Mr ‘ohn Fames 14 Sept.
1768.

Part of this foundery of Mr Grover’s is faid to
have belonged to the foundery of Winkyn de Worde,
in particular the Two-/. gr. pr. Eng. which lies in
Byddel 7. and the gr. pr. Eng. which lies in Byddel 8.
and from thefe founts were taken the two {fpeci-
mens given by Mr Palmer in his Gen. Hift. of Printing,

P+ 343:

Mr Goring. |

Mr Robert Andrews. his founding-houfe was in
Charter-hou/e-fireet, and he was living in the y. 1724.
his foundery, including that of Mr Moxon which con-
ftitutes the greateft part of it, is enumerated at the

bottom of the page*.
Mr

| The Foundery of Mr Robert Andrews.

ORIENTALS.

HEBR. Bibl. Two-l. Eng.32. doub. pic. 68. gr.pr.35. Eng. (the
common Germ. face) 47. another. Eug.73. pica65. long-pr.35.
brev. 35. fm. pic. (old) 42. another 77. another 73. monp. 35.
Rabb. Hebrao-Germ. Eng. 30. Rafhi, pic.29. long-pr.30. brev.
29. nonp.2g. large-f. points 42. accents 27. {m.-faced points 28.

SAMAR. (Leu/denian) 21.

SYR.

AND FOUNDERIES. 49

Mr Silvefter Andrews, his fon. he founded at Oxford.
Mr Thomas Fames purchafed both their founderies in
1733. but the Canon Rom. and Ital. are in Mr Ca/-
Jon’s foundery. Mr Silv. Andrews’s foundery was no-
thing compared with that of his father. in truth it
was part of his father’s, and ought to be confidered as
part of that catalogue; but confidered as the foun-

SYR. gr.pr.47. points 13.

ARAB. gr.pr.104. Eng. 62.
MERIDIONAL.

ETHIOP. gr.pr. 212.

OCCIDENTALS.

GREEK, Eng..... long-pr..... DIEU. Secs (thefe three were pur-
chafed by Mr Tho. Fames 20 Apr. 1724. ten years before the fale
of the foundery) /onmg-pr.457. brev. 331. nonp. 329.

ROM. and ITAL. (regulars) 2 / Eng. full-f.cap. 31. 2/. Hug.r.147.
17.108. doud. pic. large-f.r.122. fmall-f.115.17.107. doubd. pic.
r. numb. II. 118. 17.66. another126. gr.pr.r.numb.I. 114.
rr.102.numb.J].rx.t10.17.66. Exg.r.andir..... Eng.r.
numb.II.g2. numb.III.96. Eng.r.lower-c. 32. pic.R.117. pic.
Rr. lower-c.27. pic. R.andit.long-f.... /ong-pr.r.84. 17.80.
long-pr.R.lower-c. 42. another38. /ong-pr.17. cap. and doub. 45.
brev.R.lower-c. 57. another 57. drev.1T. ... (title letters and
irregulars) 4/. pic. full-f.cap. 30. canonR.accents27. cam.1T.74.
21. doub. pic.R.127. 2/.gr.pr.full-f.cap.31. 24 pic. full-f. cap.
31. 2/ pic.r.lean-f.58. parag.R.122.11T. 100. fm. pic. Rr. 76.
1T. 82. another 17T. 98. another 80. R. andit.... Bourgeoi/e
IT.72. nonp.R. 80. pear/R. 2 fets.

SEPTENTRIONALS.

ANGLO-SAXON, pic. 16. another 21.

ANGLO-NORM. Qf. pr. Cap. 24.

ENGLISH, gr. pr. with Jaw 116. Eng. with aw 106. pic. with daw
125. pic.{m.-f.71. dong-pr.78. brev.with daw 118. fm. pic. with
Jawi20. another fim. pic. 58. nonp. 43.

SECRETAR. g7.pr. cap. 15.

HIBERN. pic. 60.

B. WILKINS’S Real character, Eng. 160.

MR ADAMS’s fymbols 20.

MR MOxoNn’s Correéting marks, Eng. 16.

MATHEMATICAL characters, Eng. and /m. pic. 42.

ASTRONOM. and ASTROLOG. 31.

MusIC, 2/. gr. pr. 54. paragon {quare headed 44. large old fq.
headed 61. fundry bodies of old {quare headed 155.

dery

so OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

dery of the fon purchafed by Mr Fames the account of
it is this*.

Mr Skinner.

Mr Heaa’s founding-houfe was in St. Bartholo-
mew’s clofe. whofe the foundery was originally we know
not; but

Mr Robert Mitchell who had been fervant to Mr
Grover fucceeded to it. he removed afterwards into
Fewyn-ftreet, and afterwards lived over Cripple-gate, and
afterwards in Paul's Alley between Alder/eate—fireet and
Red-crofs-fireet. his foundery containing nothing very
curious unlefs it were the Eng. was 26 ‘Ful. 1739 pur-
chafed by the late Mr Caflon and Mr ‘fohn ‘James, and
was divided between them in the manner mentioned
below **.

Mr Thomas ‘fames, fon of The Rev. Fohn Fames, vi-
car of Ba/fing fioke, ferved his apprenticefhip with Mr
Robert Andrews. he entered into bufinefs for himfelfin

Sagas ) * Mr Silvefier Andrews’s Foundery.
Poms. { HEBR. dev. 30 (at firft 33).

furtiv. ROM. andiT. 2/ Eng.cap..... gr. pr.R. large-f.125.17.82. Eng.
R. 148. 17.98. pic. R. large-f.153. {m.-f.148.1T. 110. pic.
R. lower-c. 27. Jong-pr.R. 119. 17.102. drev.R. large-f. 130.
{m.f.135.1T. 105. two fets of caps. 24. PUA Deas
Jim. pic. R. 146. 17.28. minion R. andit..... nonp. R. large-f.
140. 1T. 105. nonp.R.{m.-f. 94. pearlr.g8. 17. 38.

Mr Robert \** MrC aflon’s choice.
Mitchell’s :
eens GREEK, pica.

ROM. and ita. Four-/. pica, 2-l. gr. pr. 21. Eng. and 2/. pic.
full-f. caps. gr. pr. Eng. long-pr. brev. and nonp.
ENG. gr. pr. Eng. pic. long-pr. brev. fm. pic.

The music matrices, and the FLOWER matrices.

** Mr Fames’s fhare.

ROM. and 1TaAL. can. 2/1. gr.pr. 21 Eng. doub. pic. ({m.-faced)
gr. pr. (3 founts) Eng. large-f. pica, brevier (3 founts) /m. pic.
minion, pearl (2 founts) with the Eug. ALGEBRA, Pic.-CAN-
CELLED-FIGURES, and /ng-pr.-ALMANAC-matrices.

the

AND FOUNDERIES. st

the y. 1710. and his foundery was begun with a fet of
matrices which he purchafed that year in Holland, to
which country he went for that purpofe. the account
of his expedition is entertaining; therefore let him
{peak for himfelf. and thus he {peaks in letters to his
brother.

Rotterdam, 22 “fun. 1710.
‘“<T have been with all the Letter-founders in 4m-
fterdam, and if I would have given *** for matrices
could not perfuade any of ’em but the laft I went to,
to part with any. fo far from it that it was with much
ado I could get them to let me fee their bufinefs. the
Dutch Letter-founders are the moft fly and jealous
people that ever I faw in my life. however this laft
man (being as I perceived by the ftrong perfume of
Geneva waters a moft profound fot) offers to fell meall
his houfe for about ***** I mean the matrices: for
the punchions withthem he will not fell for any money.
but there being about as much as he would have ***
for, Hebr. and other Oriental languages, fuch as Syrian
Samaritan and Ruffian characters, | would not confent
to buy ’em. but the reft confifting of about 17 fets
of Rom. and Jta/. capitals and {mall letters, and about
5 fets of capital letters only, and 3 fets of Greek, be-
fides a fet or two of Black with other appurtenances,
thefe I defign to buy. he is not very fond of felling
them becaufe it will be a great while before he can
furnifh himfelf again. however I believe I fhall have
"em for lefs than **** a matrice, which as he fays is
cheaper than ever they were his; but having moft of
the punches he can fink ’em again and fo fet himfelf
to rights with little trouble and lefs charge.”

Rotterdam, 14 Ful. 1710.

“JT took a place in the waggon for Tergoes,
and from thence in a fcayte for 4m/terdam, where I
arrived

go OF ENGLISH POUND KS,

arrived at 5 o’clock on Monday-morning 10 Ful. as
foon as I thoughtthe perfon I have dealt with was ftir-
ring I went to confer with him farther about his ma-
trices: but inftead of finding all things fet in order for
fale I found him lefs provided than when I was with
him before; for indeed he had lent about eight fets
of matrices to another Letter-founder. I let him know
my mind by an interpreter. he told me what a dif-
pofition his things were in, and faid he had rather
part with fome particular fets than with all. in fhort
I found he had not a mind to part with.any but thofe
which he efteemed leaft, and thofe of which he had
the puncheons by him to fink again when he pleafed.
I told him that I came expecting to make an end of
the bargain, if he would part with all the fets I had
feen in his proof for the price I had offered. the man
hefitated a good while and at laft told me he would
advife about it. I told him I’d have him refolve pre-
fently, and fhewed him the bill ****** the fight of the
bill made the man begin to be a little more ferious
than before; fo after a few more words he told me he
would fend for his other fets in the afternoon. I told
him shat he might do, but in the mean time I would
furvey thofe he had by him; fo he hada table fet,
and he fetched his matrices to me. The reafon why
I would not ftir out of his houfe till I had taken a
furvey of his matrices was, becaufe I was fearful that
he might pick and cull (as we call it) a great many
things which are ufeful in printing befides juft the
alphabets; and indeed leaft he might change fome
whole fets: though indeed the man declares he would
.not do a thing fo ill for his life. however I having all
the matrices brought into one room locked ’em up,
and took the key away with me, and went to dinner.
in the afternoon I went again with my interpreter
(being an Exchange-Broker) where we fat all the
afternoon viewing the matrices. at night I locked
"em

AND FOUNDERIES. he

"em up again and took the key with me, and on Tue/-
day-morning prefented my bill, which was accepted
and paid immediately. but I fhould have told you that
the afternoon before he fent his wife to fpeak to the
people to fend home the other fets; but fhe brought
a note from the houfe and faid the mafter who had
the key and keeping of ’em was gone a great way out
of town to the burial of his mother, and they did not
expect him back till Wedne/day. this news was very
difagreeable to me: but not knowing how to help my-
felf, on Tue/day, after having viewed all day thofe he
had, I paid him ***** and took ’em all along with me
to my lodging when it was too late to fend to you by
the poft from Am/flerdam. on Wedne/day | went again
but could not find the man at home. he was gone for
the other {fets. fo I tarried till yefterday and went again
and received three of the eight fets. the reft are not
to be had yet, the man being not returned, only his
wife who gave him thofe three fets. fo there are want-
ing but five fets more which are all Greeks but one. I
took ’em molds and all, and packed them up in a box
and fent em by an 4m/lerdam {cayte appointed to carry
goods for Rotterdam. this I did fearing the Catherine-
yacht might fail if I tarried for the reft. at 8 o’clock
laft night I took fcayte for Tergoes, and arrived there
this morning. from thence I came hither by waggon
and arrived here before 9.”

Rotterdam, 27 “Ful. 1710.

“You are defirous to know whether the matrices I
have bought excel thofe which are in the hands of the
Letter-founders in England. the beauty of letters like
that of faces is as people opine: but notwithftanding
I had no choice, all the Romans excel what we have in
Englandin my opinion,and I hope being well wrought,
I mean caft, will gain the approbation of very hand-
fome letters. the /a/. I do not look upon to be unhand-

fome,

54 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

fome, though the Dusch are never very extraordinary
in thofe. an account of the names that I think I fhall
give the fets I have bought is as follows; The largeft
fize I fhall diftinguifh by the name of Four-line-pica,
the next by that of French Canon, the next by that
of Two-line-pica: thefe three confit of Capitals only.
the fourth fize is a fmall Canon Ital. the fifth a Two-
line-Eng. Rom. and Ital. the fixth Great-primer Rom. of
which I have two fets, a great face and a {mall one,
with one Jia/. to them both. the feventh fize is an Eng.
Rom. and Ital. the eighth a pica of which I have three
fets Rom. and one Jia/. the ninth a /mall pica Rom.
and Ital. the tenth Long-primer, three fets Rom. and
one Jtal. the eleventh Brevier Rom. and Ital. befides
thefe I have one fet of Great primer Greek, one of Eng.
Greek, one of Pica Greek, one of Brevier Greek, as alfo
one fet of Pica Black,and one of Brevier Black, together
with matrices of divers forts of flowers ufed as orna-
ments in printing; to which I have fifteen molds.
all the fizes except the three firft have capitals, {mall-
letters, double-letters, figures, and points, as alfo all
the accents, amounting in the whole to the number
of about 3500 matrices*. as for fets of Nonpareil and
Mr Fames's\* Mr Fames’s original foundery is exactly enough defcribed in this
Foundery. {letter to his brother for the purpofe by him intended: but in con-
formity to that which we have done before we thus defcribe it more
particularly.
Matrices purchafed of Ro/iy.

OCCIDENTALS.

GREEK, gr. pr.1gl. pic. 161. brev. 141. f/m. pic. 130.

ROM. andiraL. 2/4, Eng.R.148.1T.90. gr. pr.R. 111. another
IOI. 17.123. Eng.r.86. 17.78. pic.R. 109. another 80. an-
other 82.17.95. dong pr.R. 140. another 1§5. another 141. 17.
g4. brev.R.112.17.97. title-letters and irreg. 4 /. pic. R. 35.
can. R. (22. gr. pr. it 1s) 33. fm. can.1T. rectius 2 7, Eng. mifling.
2b PER 212 Mn. Pie. R ABOse TT.

SEP. ENJTREONALS.
ENGL. pic. 60. brev. 65.
MAT H, WiatkSec cre aes FLOWERS, 0. a. os

Pearl

AND FOUNDERIES. S5

Pearl 1 am informed nobody in this country has any
but the Jew whofe name is “4ias. him I was with
firft of all, who affured me he would part with none
of any fize whatever; as did likewife another man
whofe name is Fo/kins. the next I went to was Cupi
by name. he faid he muft confult a friend of his be-
fore he could give me any an{wer, which friend being
gone out of town it would be two or three days be-
fore he could certify me. the next and laft I went to
the fame day: his name was Ro/ij, a German by Birth.
him I foon perceived I fhould agree with, as afterwards
I did. but before I went to him I called upon Cupi.
he told me he would fell no matrices, but he would caft
me as much letter as I would have as cheap as any
body. I went to him before I agreed with Ro/i/, becaufe
I would fee which would fell cheapeft. but finding
them all fo inflexible I was obliged to agree with Roi
upon his own terms, who however did not know but
I had come to him firft, fince himfelf and Cupi are the
only Letter-cutters in this country,and he did not ima-
gine but thatif he would not have fold me matrices Cupi
would, as I found by him afterwards. when Cupi per-
ceived that Ro/j would fell me fome matrices(as indeed
then Rofjand I had agreedand hereceived 1700 gilders
in part) he comes to the Exchange-Broker and told
him he would fink his puncheons again and in half a
years time deliver me all the matrices he has, perfect,
after the rate of **** p matrice, but that except I
would take all one with another he would fell none
at all.

His Rom. letters are very handfomeand his Jta/ic’s
ugly, but all printed upona proof of the beft paper;
with all the care taken in compofing and printing ima-
ginable, which adds much to the luftre of his letter.
ina book it is quite another thing; not fo handfome
as Ro/ij’s whofe letter in the proofs I could feein matter
looks much better than it does in his printed Specimen,

which

56 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

which is done with all difadvantage, being wretchedly
compofed and worfe printed off, upon very forry paper.
however I can fee when letters are well proportioned.
I have two Specimens of his letter in matter which
look very beautiful. Ro/7 fays whatever matrices I fhall
want whether great or {mall he’ll cut ’em for me as
foon as I give him orders, provided it happens be-
fore a peace. he told me likewife he would fee if he
could procure any Nonpareil and Pearl of the Jew,
I allowing him a reafonable profit for his pains. Ro/
fays he was the man who made Fo/kins’s father by the
letter he cut for him. Fo/kins is a man of great bufi-
nefs having five or fix men conftantly at the furnace,
befides boys to rub, and himfelf and a brother to do
the other work. how many men the Jew keeps at work
I do not know, for he would not permit me to go up
into his work-houfe. Fo/kins thought I wanted letter
to be caft, but when he knew that I was a Letter-
founder he looked very fly, and watched me as if I
had been a thief, being I fuppofe very fearful that I
fhould fteal fome of their art from them. Cupz was not
very forward to let me fee his work-houfe, and the firft
time avoided it by faying he could not ftay for he juft
was going out, but the fecond time I did fee it tho’ he
was as loath then as before, faying he believed there
was nobody at work; but I told him the perfon who
was with me wanted to fee the trade and he would
oblige me by fhewing it. he had places for fourto work
although there was but one cafting. I did not afk
Rolj to fhew me his work-houfe the firft time I went
to him, but the fecond time I went up and faw places
for four men and nobody at work. I afked him
where his men were: he told me they were gone to
a fair at Harlem, but I believe he had lent them out
as well as his matrices to fome other Letter-founder.
as I was going along the ftreet with him he told me
there was an Engli/b gentleman that had lodged at fuch

a houfe

AND FOUNDERIES. aa
a houfe (pointing to it) for whom he had caft 300 £.

worth of work not long ago, which if true muft have
been for Tonjfon.

I have bought of Ro/j in all thirty fets of matrices
befides the box of flowers, and 15 molds made of brafs
as almoft all the Dusch molds I faw were. Mr Cupi has
in all but eighteen fets of matrices, but is continually
as I hear cutting more, defigning in time to fet up
printing and book-felling too. he is a very clofe and
very civil fellow. I do not know but one time or other
I may take another trip into this country for matrices,
for there’s no trufting to any body here to manage
bufinefs for one: there’s hardly fuch a thing as an
honeft man to be found. they all live by buying and
felling, and whatever they can bite any one of they
count it fairly got in the way of trade. I hear but a very
indifferent character of the young man the broker
who interprets for me. he is very expert indeed at
that, and I do not know what I fhould have done
without him: but I am informed that if it lay in his
power to come at any of my money, he would con-
trive fome way or other to cozen me of it, or part of
it at leaft; for which reafon I took particular care. he
ftood very hard with me for a gilder p cent. for every
hundred I laid out.‘the molds and matrices together
ftand me in ***** T have inquired very diligently
of abundance of Printers, Bookfellers, and of Mr
Rolij, whether there are any Letter-founders at Har-
lem, Leyden, The Hague, Delft, or Utrecht. 1 was told
by fome they knew of none; and by others that there
were none; and Ro/j affured me there were none at
any of thofe places; and I myfelf faw at Fo/kins’s a box
with letter in it directed for Utrecht. and it feems very
probable there may be none at any of thefe places
becaufe letter may be fent from m/fferdam to any of
thefe places as cheap by water as a porter in London
will carry a burthen half a mile. the box of molds

and

58 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

and matrices which I bought was brought hither from
Amfterdam for 12 ftivers into the houfe. the diftance
about 40 Englifh miles. I am told there is one Let-
ter-founder at Tergoes but I can’t hear of one Engli/h-
man, or Engli/b-houfe in the whole town. however I'll
endeavour to find the Founder before I leave the
country. I have been through Tergoes three times,
and as often through Harlem, Leyden, and Delft, but
never made any ftay in any one of them. I have been
twice to the Hague, but at fuch times that I could not
fee the ftates-houfe. the town 1s very fine. one’s charges
thither and back again are not above a gilder. ’tis very
eafy, and travelling would be very pleafant if one were
not deftitute of company.”

Mr Fames after his return from Ho//and had his
firft founding-houfe in A/dermanbury: from thence he
removed to Yown-ditch: in both which places his bufi-
nefs was carried on upon upper-floors, which being
infufficient in ftrength for the weight of his operations
he at length removed to the foundery in St Barth.
where he continued till the time of his death, which
happen’d in the y. 1738. accelerated by an unlucky
attachment to a method of printing long fince re-
jected, and at variance with the improvements of
latter times *. }

This

* This was the method of Bluck-printing, firft pra€tifed by the CAi-
nefe and Faponefe and purfued in the firft eflays of Fau/?, the Euro-
pean inventor of the prefent art, before the more excellent method
of printing by feparate types had been devifed by him and Schoeffer.
it was performed by engraving the matter upon blocks of wood,
every block containing a page of the work which was to be printed.
and in this manner was printed the Spec. Morientium, and other macu-
latures of the art.

About the y. 1730 one Fenner took it into his head to revive
this antient method, but with improvement. inftead of planks and
engraving he ufed cafting and plates of metal, thus; the matter

was

AND FOUNDERIES. 59

This founding-houfe is an edifice disjoined from
the dwelling-houfe, and feems to have been built for
Mr

was firft compofed in the ufual way: then the form was affufed
with fome fort of Gyp/um which after it was indurated became a
complication of matrices for cafting the whole page in a fingle
piece.

The project required money which Feuer wanted: fo Mr Fob.
Fames (the brother of Mr Tho. Fames) then an architect at Green-
wich was taken into the {cheme, and afterwards Mr Tho. Fames him-
{elf ; and the partnerfhip at length confifted of

Mr Fob. Fames, t
Mr Tho. Fames,

The faid Fenner, and

Fames Gadd,

the laft of whom was in the rebellion of 1745, a captain in Perth’s
regiment, was arraigned of high treafon, pleaded guilty, and begged
to be recommended to mercy: and his life was {pared on account of
his knowledge in this method of printing which was thought to be
ufeful.

In the purfuit Mr Tho. fames expended a confiderable part of his
fortune and fuffered in his proper bufinefs: for the printers would
not employ him becaufe the d/ck-printing had it fucceeded would
have been prejudicial to theirs.

But the hiftory of their progrefs is briefly comprehended in two
letters which are owing to this publication;

“Rey. Sir,

““T am adding One to the number of typographical hiftorians: but
my fubjeét is a branch only of that hift. which has not been treated
on profeffedly before.

“In the profecution of it I have occafion to fpeak of the method
of d/ck-printing : or that of printing by caft plates inftead of fingle
types, a method which received greater encouragement at Camodr.
than it hath been honoured with in any other place.

“‘T have now before me a printed addrefs to The Univ. figned
Fohn Fames and Comp. humbly fuing for the privilege of printing
Bibles and Common Pr. books by this method. the addrefs has no
other date than this chronological circumftance to afcertain it’s time,
that it was made about three years after The Univ. had granted
their (then) laft leafe to The Comp. of Stationers, which I con-

jecture

60 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

Mr Fames’s own purpofe, the dwelling-houfe is an ir-
regular rambling place formerly in the occupation of
Mr

jecture was about the y. 1736. and I apprehend that The Univ.
condefcended to their requeft: for I remember to have been told
fome years ago by a ftraggling workman who had wrought there, that
both bibles and comm.-pr. books had been printed, but that the com-
pofitors when they corrected one fault (which was only to be done by
perforation) made purpofely half a-dozen more, and the prefs-men
when the mafters where abfent battered the letter in aid of the com-
pofitors: in confequence of which bafe proceedings the books were
fupprefied by authority and condemned to ef piper &F quicquid, ©Sc.
and that all the chandleries in Camér. were full of Fames’s bibles, and
that the plates were fent tothe King’s printing-h. and from thence to
Mr Caflon’s founding-h. to be melted; an infpector ftanding at the |
furnace to fee the order fully executed.”

“This, Sir, is all that I have heard ofthe matter, and if any thing
is untrue or defe¢tive be fo kind as to correct or add.”

“What I particularly defire to know is,

1. Whether Mr Fos. Fames was the firft who engaged in this at-
tempt; or whether ***** [zhis query was founded on a miftake: a fuppo-
fition that Mr Joh. James ere mentioned was Mr Joh. James the Let-
ter-Founder. 4e was not. he was the Uncle of our Founder. |

2. Who was the inventor: for the invention (if a revival may be
called an invention) was not their own.

3. The method by which they caft fuch large plates and fmall
letter fo truly, if the fame be not yet a fecret.

4. The dates neceflary to render the foregoing account more com-
plete.

5. Whether they printed any thing befides bibles and comm.-pr.
books. for I have the plate from which the enclofed p. of Sad/uj?
was printed. it was given me by a gent. of Cambr. who cannot recol-
lect how he came by it. it feems to have received a ftroke from the

wrong end of the baill-ftocks and to confirm the teftimony of the
ftrageler.”’ HK KKK

In anfwer to which thus writes T4e Rev. Dr Richardson, Mafter
of Eman. and with a precifion which we have not met with before.
for the {cience of typography although formerly exercifed by fchol-
ars, and now certainly is an appendage of a {cholar, is but little under-
ftood by thofe who ufe it.

“The

AND FOUNDERIES. 61

Mr Roycroft, afterwards in that of Mr Howndeflow,
afterwards in that of Mr S. Palmer, author of The
General

“The firft application which was made to the Univ. by Fames
and Comp. for printing Bibles and Comm. Pr. books by blocks in-
ftead of fingle types was early in the y. 1730, for I find that a fyn-
dicate was appointed to treat with him 6 Fw. in that year; who
being ftrangers to the bufinefs of printing made fo favourable a
reprefentation to. the fenate that a leafe was fealed to him 23 Apr.
1731. in their attempt to fucceed the partners funk a pretty large
fum of money; but I do not find that they completed any one book
by dlck. one I think was carried on for fome time but finifhed by
types at laft. after fruitlefs attempts for three or four years the thing
was given up, and application was made to The Univ. for a frefh
~ leafe to print bibles, &c. in the common way 23 Sept. 1735. and
this was refufed.—I do not find what rent was paid. if any it was
very inconfiderable: for when I was in office in the y. 1738 finding
a large arrear due, by ufing fome threatning expreffions I recovered
££. 50. took up the old leafe, and fo had done with them.”

“One Fenner was the principal perfon concerned, and the pro-
jeCtor of the fcheme: ames was an architect and lived at Green-
wich, and was taken into the partnerfhip as having money. Fenner
died infolvent in or before the y. 1735, for it was his widow who
applied for a new leafe in that year.

““Thefe Sir, are all the particulars which I can recollect relating
to’ this\afiair.””*****

In refpect to the defign itfelf we may obferve that the fears of the
printers were groundlefs and the villainy of the workmen fuperero-
gatory: for had the enterprize at firft fucceeded it muft foon have
funk under it’s own burthen. the difficulty of botching an error
which having efcaped the eye of the moft vigilant corrector might
cafually be ftumbled upon by an abecedarian; the great weight of
metal and dead money; the capacity of ftowage for that metal; the
care which muft be taken in repofiting the plates, as an ill fated
ftroke would fpoil a whole page; the more than ordinary wear of
the exterior letters of the form which would fpoil a whole page like-
wife; the conclufive bomb-dab of a finifhed prefs-man at the end of
his beat, fo notorioufly deftructive to a ftanding job, would all con-
tribute to render a defign abortive which hath only this advantage
to boaft, that a man may be a printer without a fingle letter in his
houfe. add to this that the caf being three defcents removed from
it’s parent the fharpnefs of the letter is obtunded, and the beauty

of

62 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

General bift. of Printing, and laftly in that of the two
Mr ‘fames’s, and was a part of the priory of S. Barth.
and

of the prototype is vanifhed away. as a fpecimen we fubjoin the page
of Sa/luft which has been before mentioned.

CATILINA.} Cap. XIX-} gg

la icgibus ambitus interrogati poenas dederant.
Pof pantloCatilina, pecuniarumtrepetandarnm
reus, prohibitus erat confulatum petere; quod
intra Iegitimos dies profitcri nequiverit. Erac
codem tempore Cn. Pifo, adolefcens nobilis,
fumme andaciz, egens, factiofus,. quem ad
perturbandam rempublicam inopia atque mali
mores ftimulabant. Cum hoc Catilina & Au-
tronius, confiliocommunicato, parabant in Ca-
pitclio Kalendis Januariis L. Cottam. & X,
Torquarum Confules interficere 5 ipfi, fafcibus
correptis, Pifonem cum exercitu ad obtinen-
das duas Hifpanias mittere. Ea re cognita rur-
fus, in Nonas Februarias confilium cxdis tran-
ftulerant. Jam tum non Confulibus modo, fed
plerifque Senatoribus. perniciem machinaban-
tur. Quod niCatalina maturafict pro curia fig-
num fociis dare ; eo dic, poft conditam urbem
De She sone pefumnm facinus patratum foret-
Quia nondum frequentes armati convenerant;
€a res confilium diremit.

XIX. Poftea Pifo in citeriorem Hip aniana
Guster proPretore miffus eft, adnitente Craf=
fo ; quod eum infeftum inimicum Cn. Pompeio-
cognoverat. Neqne tamen fenatus provinciam.
invitus dederat: quippe feédum hominem are
publica procul efle volebat: fimul,, quia boni
quam plures prefidium in eo purabantz & jam
tum potentia Cn. Pompeii formidolofa erate
Scd is Pifo, in provinciam ab equitibus Hifpa-
nis, ques in exercitu dadtabar, iter .faciens,
occifus eft. Stnr, qui ita dicunt, imperia ejus.
injufta, faperba, cradelia, barbares nequivifle,
pati: alii autem, equites illos, Cn. Pompeii ve-
teres Hiofque clicnres, yoluntace ejys age be

aa

Gadd after he had obtained his pardon followed his bufinefs for
fome time as a journey-man with Mr Bettenham. afterwards he com-
menced mafter for himfelf at ahoufe in Denmark-court in the Strand.
unfuccefsful there he privately {hipped off himfelf and his materials
for the other fide of the 4H/antic; and, whether it were that having
efcaped the one fatality he met with the other we know not; but
nothing hath fince been heard of him.

AND FOUNDERIES. 63

and in this houfe wrought formerly as a journey-
man with Mr Palmer, a gentleman well known fince
in the philofophical world, Dr Benj. Franklyn of Phila-
delphia.

The late Mr Caston, the Corypheus of Letter-
founders, was not trained to this bufinefs. he was ori-
ginally a Gun-lock-graver, and was taken from that in-
ftrument to an inftrument of very different tendency,
the propagation of the Chriftian faith.

In the y.1720 the London Soc. for promoting Chriftian
Knowledge in confequence of a reprefentation made
by Mr Salomon Negri a native of Dama/fcus in Syria,
well {killed in the orienta] languages, who had been
_ profeffor of 4rad. in places of note for a great part of
his life, deemed it expedient to print for the ufe of
the Eaffernchurches the N. Jef. and P/a/t. in the Arab.
language for the benefit of the poor Chriftians in Pa/-
eftine, Syria, Mefopotamia, Arabia and Egypt; the con-
‘futution of which countries allows of no printing: and
Mr Caflon was pitched upon to cut a fount.

He cut the Eng. Arabic which we fee in his f{peci-
mens. this was after the y. 1721 and before the y. 1726.
in which latter y. the Soc. had procured “two new
founts of Arab. types, viz. One from the Polyg/ott ma-

trices; and Another of a leffer fize called an Eng. body, ©

-made on purpofe for their fervice; and 6250 pfalters
printed from a copy fent from /eppo, as approved
by the patriarch of 4utioch.”* the fount which the
Soc. {peak of firft was letter cast from Mr Grover’s ma-
trices, now ours: the fecond which they mention was
letter caft from the fount cut by Mr. Caf.

Mr Caflon after he had finifhed his 4rad. fount cut
the letters of his own name in pica Rom. and placed the
name at the bottom ofafpec. of the 4rab.and Mr Palmer

* Extract of feveral letters relating to this defign, Lond. 1726. 8vo.

feeing

1720;

64 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

feeing this name advifed Mr Caf. to cut the whole
fount of pica. Mr Ca/l. did fo; and as the performance
exceeded the letter of the other founders of the time,
Mr Palmer, whofe circumftances required credit with
thofe which by this advice was now obftructed, re-
pented the advice and difcouraged Mr Ca/l. from any
further progrefs.

Mr Ca/l. difgufted applied to Mr Bowyer, and was
encouraged to proceed by Mr Bowyer and Mr Betten-
ham (the laft of whom died 6 Febr. 1774, feré centena-
rius Janeque mentis et memoria) and Mr Ca/l. always
acknowledged Mr Bowyer as his mafter, and that he

~ had taught him the art: in which art Mr Ca/. arrived

1730.

to that perfection that we may without fear of contra-
diction affert that a fairer fpecimen than his cannot be
found in Europe; that 1s, Not in the World.

Mr Caflon’s firft foundery was in a garret in Helmet-
row: afterwards he removed into /ron-monger-row: and
about 37 years ago into Chi/we/-ftreet (all in the parifh
of St. Luke, Midd.) where the foundery now is and an
account fhall be given of it hereafter.

He died 23 Fan. 1766 aged 74, in the commiffion
of the peace for the county of Middl. leaving behind
him the character of a tender Mafter, and an honeft,
friendly and worthy man. he is buried in the church-
yard of S. Luke.

Mr ‘facob Ilive was a printer, and the fon of a
printer, but he applied himfelf to Letter-cutting, and
carried ona Foundery and a Printing-Houfe together.
in the y. 1734he lived in A/der/eare-fireet, over againtt
Alder/eate-coffee-houfe. afterwards when Ca/afio was to
be re-printed under the infpection of Mr Romaine or
of Mr Lutzena a Portuguese Jew who corrected the
Hebr. as we ourfelves did fometimes another part of
the work, he removed to Lond. houfe (the habitation

of

AND FOUNDERIES. 65

of the late Dr Rawlinfon) on the oppofite fide of the
way, where he was employed by the publifhers of that
work. this was in the y. 1746. but his foundery had
been purchafed 3 Fu/. 1740 by Mr Fob. Fames. it lies in
the boxes named Fugge, and has undergone very little
alteration ™.

In the year 1751 Mr Ihve publifhed a pretended
tranflation of The book of Jafher {aid to have been made
by one d/cuin of Britain. the account given of the tran{-
lation is full of glaring abfurdities: but of the pub-
lication this we can fay from the information of the
Only-One who 1s capable of informing us, becaufe the
bufinefs was a fecret between the Two: Mr I/ive in
the night-time had conftantly an Hedr. bible before him
(/ed qu. de hoc) and cafes in his clofet. he produced the
copy for 7a/ber, and it was compofed in private,and the
forms worked off in the night-time in a private prefs-
room by thefe Two after the men of the Printing-houfe
had left their work. — Mr. [ive was an expeditious
compofitor though he worked in a night-gown and
{wept his cafe so pye with the fleeves. he knew the let-
ters by the touch.

Mr ‘fobn Fames fucceeded his father in the y. 1736 1736.

* This it was; eRe
OCCIDENTALS 1734s

all.

GREEK, nonp. 200. another 80 J. thefe fets of matrices are in fome
other hands. they never came to Mr Fames although he paid for
thern.

rom. 2 /. Eng. the {mall letters only, 27. pic. fimiliter 27. drev.
broad-f. 54. fm. pic. 70. another, the {mall letters and doub.
only 39. monp. cap.27.

ROM. and ITAL. doub.pic.154. gr.pr.212. Hng.236. pic.214.
long-pr.230. brev.255. fm. pic.248.

FIGURES, pic. fract. 20. MERCANTILE MARKS, pic. 17.

BRACES, RULES and FLOWERS, 30.

and

66 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,
and died in the y.1772. his foundery confifted of the

united founderies of

Roly the German,

Mr Grover the father,

Mr Thomas Grover the fon,

Mr Moxon,

Mr Robert Andrews,

Mr Silvefter Andrews his fon,

Mr Head,

Mr Robert Mitchell, and

Mr Facob Ihve; and of a confiderable collection
befides, of whofe former owners we can fay nothing*:
the ftock of many artifts and the labour of many
years. —a multifarious collection, and fuch as never
before was nor hardly ever will again be in the pof-
feffion of a fingle perfon.

Of thefe we muft obferve as to the learned lan-
guages, that the Oriensal matrices came firft into our
foundery from Mr Robert Andrews who purchafed Mr
Moxon’sfoundery, the Greek from Mr Grover, and that
the Eng. matrices came from both.and that though Mr
Thomas ‘fames began his foundery with a foreign pur-

* Thefe may be confidered as a diftinét foundery and diftinguifhed
by the title of Anonymous; for we know not whence they came. our
account of Mr Fames’s purchafes is accurate, and thefe are not in-
cluded amongft them, but at the end of our fcrutiny remain un-
claimed. let them then be called

A comm bom anonymous Foundery.

Wits LORALENTALS

abfq; dat. :
ARAB. doud. pic. MTHIOP. Eng.
OCCIDENTALS.

GREEK. gr. pr.
ROM. andiraL. gr.pr. Eng. long-pr. and brev.— 2 /. doub. pic.
2. gr.pr. 20. Eng. 27. pic. all full faced capitals. /m. pic. Bour-
geoife, nonp. and pearl.
SEPTENTRIONALS,
GOTHIC, pic. ANGLO-NORM. pic.
ENGLISH, Eng. pic. long pr. and fm. pic. of all which a more full
account will be given in the enfuing catalogue.
chafe

AND FOUNDERIES. 67

chafe yet the bulk of it is made up of Engli/h work-
manfhip. |

A defire to preferve the memory of this foundery,
the moft antient in the kingdom and which may now
be difperfed, has been the caufe of this little hiftory,
which we believe is tolerably exact. but if any gen-
tleman who has been inquifitive after thefe matters (a
fubject fo far new as that it hath not profeffedly been
treated upon by another) will be pleafed to make addi-
tions to it, they will be received with thankfulnefs by
the fame curiofity which excited this production.

It is with regret we mention that the foundery has
confiderably fuffered in its defcent tothe prefenttimes.
for over and above the imperfections which are {peci-
fied in the catalogue feveral whole founts are mifling,
the account of which our firft motive will not fuffer us
to omit. they are thefe;

ORIENTALS.

Hesr. Canon, Two-l. gr. prim. great-prim. another.
another dage/bed. Eng. pic. and Bourgeoi/e.

SAMAR. Great-prim. pic. /m. pic. and long-pr.*

ARAB. Two-l. Eng. doub. pic. and pic.

Copric, the new hand. but fee p. 46. oz. and
it certainly was the “/exandrian which they called
New Coptic.

OC DENTAL S.
GREEK, Parag. Bourgeoife, and nonp. 2 fets.

Rom. Doub. pic. in relievo.** (there were but few of
this

* The punches of the /og-pr. remain.

** The term is here applied to the matrice, for of matrices only are
we here fpeaking. a punch in re/ievo forms a matrice in creux, and
this matr. produces a type in refev. fuch are the common types. if
the punch be in crewx the matr. will be in re/ev. and the type in
creux, and the effect of this type will be the reverfe of the effect of
the former.

Yciar calls this effet not improperly as letras blancas.
To

68 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

this fount cut) 4/7 pic. {m. lett.* 27. pic. cap. fm. pic.
Jupra-and-infraScript. ITAL. Small can. Roly. and
fome

To explain all this by an objet familiar enough;—the letters of
the fum inferted in the body of a dank-note, were they metal types,
would be from matrices in creux; the letters of the fame fum in the
margin from matrices in re/evo.

Fuan de Yciar or Yxiar (and this we fhould have faid long ago) a
Bifcayner who are in general very expert at penmanifhip, was a writer
at Sarago¢a in the y. 1529. efcriptor de Libros he calls himfelf in the y.
1547, and about the y. 1550 he fet forth a book containing {peci-
mens of the hands ufed in Spain, with receipts for making ink. the
{pecimens were formed by the pen of Yciar and cut on wood by Fuan
de Vingles, and the book was printed at Saragoga in 4to. —a very
curious book it is, and we have it: but fo mutilated by fome fool who
has had it before us that we can only wifh it were in our power to
give a complete account of it.

But, mutilated as our copy is, enough is left to fay that the Span-
iards, who have done lefs than any nation towards the advancement
of learning, followed the divifion of the French into /etras formadas
and “tras baftardas which an{wer to the /ettre de forme and the /ettre
baftarde of Tory and to the typographicals and /criptorials of the Enghi/b.
the former of which are tied down to a certain model, the latter left
at large to the guidance of a luxuriant pen.

The typographicals of Yciar in our maimed copy are

Alphabeto Griego.

Letra antigua, which is Rom. called by the French, lettres Attiques qu’ on
dit autrement lettres antiques &5 vulgairement lettres Romaines. and

Cancellarefca, which is the A/dine or Ital.

Thefe divifions are according to the face only. there is no fub-
divifion into fizes or bodies more than peones y prolongados and te/to
y glofa, which laft is the moft remarkable, and fhews (if Yciar may in
this point be fufficiently depended on) that as we gave our names
from the books of the church fo the Spaniards of that age gave their
names from the books of the canonifts. — but it is to be remembered
that we are fpeaking from a writer ; not from a typographer: and that
the Spaniards are not formed for letters; nor will a race of Huartes
change their nature. befides, they are under the uugule and unci of
St Dominic.

Now, though the negative teftimony of an unlearned people is
but poor authority for us to rely upon, yet if any thing may be con-

cluded

*The punches remain, and a fet of matrices in metal.

AND FOUNDERIES. 69

fome other fets of fmaller confideration, which we
apprehend may be found amongft the wafte and pye*

men-

cluded from this, it is that in the time of Yciar no precife names
had been given to the bodies. he himfelf comes neareft to the notion
of bodies with his ¢ex¢ and gh/s, and this is no nearer than great
and /mall. the antient diftinétions were applied to the face only
without technical regard to the dimenfions of that face. all that was
Rom. was Rom. and all that was Greek was Greek. and in truth the
diftinctions of Mon/: Torin are all in this manner taken from the face.
for after his firft divifion into /ettre de forme and it’s antiftoich /etre
baftarde (our authority is Mr Maittaire’s extract) he goes no further
than this; i/y a Jettre ronde, lettre Bourgevife, lettre de Jommes, lettre
Romaine, lettre Grecque, lettre Hebraique, €5 lettre Aldine; no confider-
ation being had of their fize. and we believe the accuracy of that age
went little further. nay, a piaculum! Mr Maittaire himfelf is limited
in his defcriptions but by the vague boundaries of maju/c. and minu/c.
a circumftance which corroborates fomething hinted by us before,
that Mr M. was not well acquainted with this branch of typography.

Deftitute therefore of neceffary affiftance we are unable at prefent
to afcertain the times when the bodies in different nations received
their refpective names, which times we are very defirous for many
reafons to afcertain, and we will certainly afcertain thofe times if
we meet with materials for our purpofe. efpecially the times when
our own names were impofed upon the regu/ars, which not through
any little partiality to our own country we prefer to all other names ex-
cept the old Germ. divifion into prima, /ecunda, €Sc. the moft obvious,
moft fimple, and moft natural; and confequently bidding faireft for
the moft antient divifion. our own we can as yet trace no farther back-
wards than the y. 1647.

To conclude with Yciar. he was alfo author of Arte breve y pro-
vechofo de cuenta Caftellana y arithmetica, which has been printed more
than once, our edit. enlarged from F. ‘fuan de Ortega is dated Saragog.
1559. 4to.—prefixed is the effigies of the author eat xxv. but
had the exergue faid /xxv. the appearance of the vifage would have
an{wered.

* This fame fie is a thing well enough known in the art and myftery
of printing: but the derivation of the term by which we call it is not
now undertftood.
We heard,once an old compofitor fay that it came from a fie, i.e.
a pie-coguinal, in which diverfe favoury things are mingled and heaped
up together.— probably he was a Gloucefferfhire man and remem-
bered /guab-pie, an olla podrida of horrid ingredients, fuch as once
at

70 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

mentioned in p. 42, and containing to the amount of
above 6000 matrices.
See TENT R PO NA,
ANGLO-SAXON, Doub. pic. pic. long-prim.
AnGLOo-NorRMAN, Two-/. Eng.*
ENGLISH, Two-l. gr. prim.** doub. pic. long-prim.
and Bourgeoi/e. This

at an upzitting or fome fuch odd banquet almoft fuffocated the ftran-
ger-guefts and killed a cat.

The Dutch term, founded on the fame gulofe notion is paftep fo
they too may have a /a/acacabia of their own equipotent. and fo we
think they have, and they call it hutfpot.

But the etymon of our expreffion is from the chape/ and not from
the 4itchen. the allufion, purely typographical, was to the pie (pica) in’
which were intermingled different bodies and different faces and dif-
ferent colours and much confufion, as we have obferved before. and
it appears plainly enough from hence that the Duich have taken their
conception from a word in our language which has more fignifications
than they were aware of, and in their tranflation of this polyfeme into
their own language have turned our pte to paftep.

* Deftroyed by the owner himfelf at a time when one would think
copper was fcarce: for he converted them to another ufe and funk
flowers, and other things on their backs.

** This fount (whence it came we know not) was loft before Mr
Fames purchafed the foundery of the Grovers: for Mr Pa/more Stevens
applying to Mr ames for Eng. of this body, namely as he called it,
great old-fafbioned letter, Mr ‘fames having at that time no matrices of
that body and face himfelf procured it to be caft by Mr Caflon.

Mr Stevens was a gentleman of a typographical turn, but no great
adept. he purchafed fome letter at T/e Hague, and when he came
home he printed for his recreation. he ufed wooden chafes nailed
upon planks: no compofing-ftick: no head-fticks, foot-fticks, fide-
fticks, gutter-fticks, quoins, or other furniture, but nails only with
which he pegged his matter together: his balls were a bunch of wafte
paper: his tympans and frifket a dirty handkerchief: his prefs for
{mall work the ball of his thumb; for larger a rolling-pin and old
rags. he was an antient bachelor of odd humour and of Dusch tafte, in
his garb and gefture antique indeed, and the furniture of his houfe
was of the reign of Qu. E/iz. the work in which he delighted was
below the degree of Drops or Patters or Chaunts or Runs. he devifed and
printed sile-pages of ftrange and ludicrous books /peedily to be pub-
lifbed which were never to be publifhed, nor indeed had any exiftence;

and

AND FOUNDERIES. 71

This lift is made by comparing fome old catalogues
of the feparate founderies with fome joint catalogues
of them united as our own. but we are of opinion that
the oftentatious defire of making a full fpecimen and a
great fhew by cafting the fame face upon different bodies
has prevailed here too, and that the Orienza/s are ftill
in the foundery defcribed by us under other names. —
the others we certainly have not.

Part of one of thefe joint catalogues we fubjoin. it
was written by Mr ‘ames himfelf, and we alter it no
otherwife than by reducing it to our own order *.

To
and thefe title pages he dabbed up in the cool of the evening at the
corners of the public ftreets to ftir up the expectation of thofe who
{topped there. — this was Ais amufement, and harmlefs enough. —he
printed likewife the epitaphs of his friends richly bedizened with

“The fun, the moon, and all the ftars.”
the greateft of his performances was the epitaph of Dr Holmes late
Pref. of S. Fohn’s coll. Oxon. which he conceived himfelf in honour
bound to print (and we have it in d/ack letter and red ink) for fome
favour fhewn by the coll. in the renewal ofa leafe. it makes a zwhole-
half-fheet, and for work of this bulk wooden chafes may fuffice. —
Sutter’s portables are little more. — Mr St. was an honeft inoftenfive
and a good natured gent. —fo was his friend who brought him to
our acquaintance; a gent. not unknown in the fuburbs of Parna/fus
by the name of Health’s Sickne/s.— requiefcant in pace!

* Matrices for the learned languages in the foundery of Mr Fames
1767.
ORIENTALS.

HEBR. Can. 2/.gr.pr. 21. Eng.— doub. pic. the fame with points. —
gr. pr. numb. 1,2. the fame with points. — Eng. numb.1,2. the fame
with points. — pic. numb. 1,2. the fame with points. — fm. pic. the
fame with points. — long pr.— Bourg. brev. nonp. — Eng. Germ.
pic. Rabb. fim. pic. Rabb. long-pr. Rabb. brev. Rabb. nonp. Rabb.

SAMAR. Gr. pr. pic. fm. pic. long-pr.

syRIAC. Doub. pic. gr. pr. pit.

ARAB. Two-/. Eng. doub. pic. gr. pr. pit.

MERIDIONAL.

ETHIOP. Gr.pr. Eng.

OCCIDENTALS.

GREEK, Antient M/. capitals. —thefe are the Alexandrian. — doub.

pic.

72 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

To mention other defects. — the f{pecimen will fhew
that feveral of the matrices are unjuftified. this being
but an accidental circumftance does not in the leatft
affect the goodnefs of the type though it affects it’s
appearance in the ca/fing. the matrices were amafled at
all events to augment the collection, and the operation
of the file was fufpended till a call for the type fhould
make it neceflary. fo this defect is no more than a
proof that the matrices have not been impaired by ufe.

Another circumftance it may be neceflary to men-
tion relating to the difference in the number of matri-
ces of the fame face and body, which may lead to a
fufpicion that thofe of a leffer number are imperfect.
but this is not the fact. the difference arifes from a
difference in the quantity of ligations, which have been
always cut in a greater or fmaller number according to
the humour or fancy of the artift. We own ourfelves
admirers of ligatures, for they are certainly ornamen-
tal and elegant; and it is to be wifhed that they could
be ufed in typography with the fame eafe as they are
difplayed in calligraphy. but this is impoffible: fufile

pic. large f. doub. pic.fn.f. paragon, gr.pr.numb.1,and2. Eng.
numb. I, 2,3. pic. numb. 1, 2,3. fm. pic. /ong-pr. numb. 1,
(large f.) 2,3. Bourg. brev. numb. 1,2. monp.

ROM. and ITAL. — on recenfentur quoniam non é doétioribus.

SEPTENTRIONALS.

ANGLO. SAX. Doud.pic. gr.pr. Eng. pic.numb.1,2. fm. pic. long. pr.
brev.

ANGLO. NORM. Gr. pr.—Mr Fames calls thefe antient M/. capi-
tals; but mifnomers of this kind are not to be regarded.

ENG. Two-l. gr. pr. doub. pic. numb. 1 (large-f.) 2. gr. pr. numb.
1,2. Eng.numb. 1, 2,3. pic. numb. 1, 2, 3,4. fm. pic.numb.
1,2. /ong-pr.numb. 1,2,3, 4. Bourg.numb.1,2. drey.numb.
1,2, 3. uomp. COURT, doub. pic. Eng. sECR. gr. pr. SCRIPT.
doub. pic. (Union) Eng. pic. long-pr.

HIBERN. pic.

conFict. Bib. Wilkins’s Real Chara@er.

Music, Two-/. gr. pr.— gr. pr. plalm-mufic.

FLOWERS, One /beet new cut. One /beet more ancient.

types

AND FOUNDERIES. 73

types are not fo tractable as the pen of a ready writer:
and we fcruple not to call a fount complete though
it be deftitute of every jugation. otherwife a fount of
van Dyck’s or Vofkens’s may be called incomplete be-
caufe it wants the fb and fk of Mr Ca/lon. an hearer
does not confider whether the words of a {peaker
are made up of doubles or fingles. a fount therefore is
perfect when it perfectly fpeaks the language of it’s
nation.

In the enfuing catalogue we have ufed our endea-
vours to diftinguifh the founderies out of which Mr
‘James’s was made up, to reftore to every one their pro-
per works, and to render to all their due.and this it has
been faid would be a difparagement to Mr Fames. but
we think quite otherwife. we think it tends to his com-
mendation. the intent indeed has been by intermixing
the feveral founderies to confolidate them into One,
and the difficulty of reftauration has not been incon-
fiderable. but it would have been ungenerous in us to
have concealed the names of the artifts whofe labours
are collected into our foundery; for every man fhould
enjoy the merit of his own performances. the whole
taken togetheris Mr Fames’sfoundery whetheracquired
by purchafe or the operation of his own hand. if not no
perfon’s library could be called his own unlefs he were
the author of every book contain’d in it.

Awordor two muft beadded in relation tothe Speci-
men. it was begun by Mr Fames in the y. 1736.1n which
y. after the deceafe of his father, he entered into bufi-
nefs for himfelf, and was defigned to fhew the variety
of matrices with which his foundery abounded. there-
fore it is a fpecimen only of the types which he could
caft for thofe who wanted; no reference being made to
the fituation of the matrices from which he would have

caft

7 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

caft them. but notwithftanding the number of years
intermediate the fpecimen was left unfinifhed by Mr
Fames at the time of his death, and that which was
left has been mangled fince his deceafe. not that there
was any occafion for fuch references: for Mr ‘fames
was pofleffed of the matrices, and confequently of the
fecret of adapting them to his purpofe. to fupply this
deficiency in a {pecimen of the matrices (for as fuch the
{pecimen is now to be confidered) has been attended
with trouble incredible to any but one who upon a
like occafion fhall attempt the fame. and fuch an oc-
cafion we believe there will never be.

For the Specimen fome apology is to be made: nei-
therthe form nor the matter is fo judicious as we could
wifh: but the greateft part of it was compofed long ago
and it was almoft impoffible now to alter it. incorredt-
nefs muft be overlooked; becaufe Letter-founders ge-
nerally compofe their own fpecimens. and this might
be fufficient to apologize for deficiencies in the Com-
pofing part. but we muft ufe another plea in extenu-
ation of enormities in this part unavoidable; the con-
finement of large bodied letter to a narrow meafure:
though for blemifhes of this fort the juft allowance will
be made by thofe of judgement. it fhews the letter, the
common purpofe of this kind of fpecimens.

Wehaveinferted fpecimensof feveral matrices which
the great improvements made in the art of letter-cut-
ting have rendered altogether ufelefs in typography;
but thefe fpecimens will be found of critical ufe to an
antiquary for whofe fake we have inferted them, re-
gardlefs of the charge that we deform our Specimen,
or of another more material accufation, that by multi-
plying particulars we endeavour to enhance the value
of our foundery. the latter we can eafily refute: for the

fets

AND FOUNDER PES. 75

fets we {peak of befides the rudenefs of the workman-
fhip are imperfect and confequently unfaleable, and
will probably be taken from the foundery before it is
difpofed of to prevent the trouble of a future gar-
bling *. and this confideration muft extend to thofe ob-
jections which may be made againft things caft in hafte
without juftification for the purpofe only of fhewing
the faces.

Hitherto we have fpoken only of Matrices. the
Punches though in order they are firft muft come laft;
and of them we have but little to fay: for thefe having
performed their office by formation of the matrice are
generally like other ufeful inftruments. which have
difcharged their duty, neglected difcarded and thrown
away.

The entire lofs, the wa/fe, and the rubdi/h of our foun-
dery in this article are great. the waffle and rubbi/b
are in weight about 120 /é. and were we to put down
tale inftead of weight (the pufils which feem to make
the greateft part of this quantity not much exceeding
in bignefs the little end of a poinctrel) the number
would be very great. but covetous of preferving the
remembrance of every thing which in Mr Fames’s

* Such are thofe which being uniques cannot be perfected without
new punches; and if they were made complete it would be no more
than o/eum et operam, &5c. becaufe they are either out of ufe, or the
times afford better. as

The antique Heér. {pec. 7.

Leufsden’s Samar. {p. 27.

24 eripr. Grete, 1p..3 83

The Runic, Gothic, and fome other recondites the matrices for which

are incomplete and ufelefs.

but of the founts which are in daily ufe the imperfe¢ts will continue,
as they mutually aid and help out one another. for the fame reafon alfo
will continue thofe which have been caft afide (not by their owner)
under the name of wa/te. .

Foundery

76 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

Foundery was curious or uncommon, we have re-fcru-
tinized thefe, and have left behind us nothing but the
Rom. and Ital. in which is nothing either curious or
uncommon.

The fame likewife have we done to the matrices,
the wa/fe of which now remaining and difpofed of in
order, is in number about 2600. the rubdi/h in weight
about 4 Cwr.

A work of fome trouble. but virtz hath been grati-
fied amongft the rubdi/b of punches by fome originals
of Wynkyn de Worde: {ome punches of the Two /. gr.
pr. Eng. mentioned in p. 48. they are truly vetuflate
formagq; et /qualore venerab. and we would not give a
lower-ca/e-letter in exchange for all the leadencups of
Haerlem. So much for

THE FOUNDERY of Mr JOHN FAMES,
The laft of the old Enghfb Letter-Founders.

THE number of thofe who now exercife the pro-
feffion in Eng/. is Four; the antient number, though
the Star-chamber hath ceafed to limit. and this num-
ber might be thought unneceffary in our times did it
not ferve to prevent a monopoly. the price of Hebr.
has been raifed fince the deceafe of The founder at the
Priory. for learning 1s now confidered as a caft off tool
to be fharpened occafionally for fordid advantages:
and the propagation of our art, the prefervatrix of lit-
erature, which was once the care of princes and rulers
is now regulated by the maxims of uck/iry;— aye,
faith, and fo is literature itfelf too. for neither can
a degree, the {mall token of many years fervice, be
obtained in the Univerfities without the intervention
of an excife-man, nor an alphabet of 24 be imported
from abroad without ¢ax or duty. they fall under
the denomination of dry goods and the alph. of 24 is

gabelled

AND FOUNDERIES. =

gabelled at 11¢. ¥. additional incumbrances to much
greater which deter the ftudious, and caufe the vifible
decay of learning in England *.

Of

* Pleafant enough it is to contemplate the gradations by which the
difperfion of knowledge amongft the people hath been effected. en et

ecce!

By reftraints on the founders.

By reftraints on the printers.

By exclufive patents for making paper.

By exclufive patents for printing Bzbdes, teftaments, and comm. pr.
books. necnon omnes libros quofcung; quos in templis hujus regni uti man-
davimus aut poftea mandab.—a lumping patent!

for the Bible with annotations.

for the N. Te/?.

for p/alters.

for primers.

for catechi/ms.

for prayer books. and, to bring devotion to it’s focus, for “ iiving-
“voice of metre-pfalm.”

for the Pandeét.

for the fratutes.

for ffatute books, aéts, proclam. Sc.

for all manner of books touching the comm. law.

for Lat. Greek and Hebr.
for dictionaries.

for grammars.

for accidences.

for the Cri/s-crofs-row.
for /chool-books generally.

for Maps and charts.
for maps, charts and plots of England and Wales.
for all manner of books or tables touching cofmography, geography

or topography.
for Mujic.
for ruled paper for mufic.
for /ongs.

for almanacs.
for almanacs and brief chronicles.
for fingle books.
And

78 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

Of the prefent Founders the fenior is Mr Will.

Caflon, the fon of the late Mr Caflon. “This new

“ foundery

And laftly, when entireties were all exhaufted,

By exclufive patents for things printed on one fide of a fbeet or of any part
of a foeet of paper.

By the charter to the Comp. of Stationers.

By taxes upon the Univerfities. and to clofe the whole

By a f{weetener to authors of @ a/e for years of their own works.

Not but that indulgences of fome fort were requifite in the infancy
of the art “when there were but few books and few printers within
“‘this realm which could well exercife and occupy the fcience and
“‘art of printing,” but thefe were granted upon good confideration,
the encouragement of a newly invented “feat” which opened the
hidden mine of knowledge to a befotted world. yet were they few,
and to endure but a fhort time. Grafton’s patent was for three years
only, for the printing of Coverdale’s bible. afterwards they became
numerous as briefs for fire and water, high winds, hail-ftorms and
thunder-fhowers; tenants at rack-rent and burthened with numer-
ous poor. and for any other fundries which packed /ecund. artem may
be ftrained to the dam. of {1000 and three-half-pence, and bring
grift to the CA/. and Staf-

When the people began to emerge out of darknefs into light, and to
fhew a defire for inftruction, they were foon taught to pay for their
curiofity by thefe fhameful patents, by which the moft neceffary books
were monopolized, and firft of all thofe which firft of all fhould have
been priviledged.

But thefe patents and monopolies produced muffitations and
grumblings, and a petition from the inferior printers to the privy-
council againft them; fetting forth that they were contrary to law,
and that no fuch ought to be granted. — and they affirmed that they
might and would (and fo indeed they did too) print any lawful
book notwithftanding any commandment of the queen.— The Houfe
of Commons took the matter into confideration, and the patentees,
the richer printers, making a virtue of neceflity, deemed it expedient
totofs a cade to the whale, and to yield to the Comp. of Sta. in 1585
certain books towards the relief and maintenance of the poorer. —
here’s a lift of fome:

By Barker the Queen’s printer,
The N. Te/.
The paraphr. of Era/m.
The 2 vols. of homilies.
The articles of religion.
The

AND FOUNDERIES. 79

“foundery was begun in the y. 1720. and finifhed,
“1763.” fo we are told in a note at the end of their
{pecimen
The Queen’s injunctions. — all “pro templis” and to be purchafed
by every parifh in the kingdom,— but mark it was the profit
only of the N. J. which Barker relinquifhed, with a provifo
that he printed them himfelfe; and with another provifo that
he retained fome for fecret fervices. yet this was in the time of
Q, Eliz. and thefe books the beginning of the reformation
{carce then completed.

Tottel the /aw-printer had more in him of the wifdom of the
ferpent. — he kept his /zw-books to himfelf, and yielded Dr
Wilfon upon ufurie, and the fonnets of th’ earle of Surrey.

The Warden, —an almanac to be fiuck on walls.

Another, — Calvin upon Daniel, The praétice of prelates, and The
image of God.

Another, — Agrippa of the vanitie of fciences, and Sententie pueriles.

Another, The art of rethoric, The courtier, The flower of friendpip,
and The image of idlenefse.

But moft of them with reftrictions and refervations yielded un-
willingly the remainder in fee of a {queezed orange. for HOMO
HOMINI,—without a metaphor!

Other examples numberlefs might be given but we content our-
{elves with two of recent date becaufe we are all acquainted with the
plunder.

Ba/feett the patentee for bible-printing in Eng/. having befides
obtained a leafe of their printing-houfe from the Univ. of Oxf. and
having alfo as he thought fecured the printing-h. at Edinburgh, im-
mediately levied upon the populace an advance of £60 p cent. on
bibles and comm. pr. books, raifing an enormous tax upon the people for
reading the /criptures, and for learning to “pray by rote upon the book.”
and this is what 1s called re/igion. he impofed upon the fimple folk at
his own price books printed on bad paper and worfe letter.-- for 11d.
the duty charged by government on a ream of paper 4e charged to the
people 115. fo they were taxed this way and that way, yet the afligns
of Mo/es had no part of the gains.

More moderate were The Comp. of Stat. who for the additional 1d.
charged upon a/manacs charged to the people no more than 3¢.—
fuch are the effects of charters and patents granted to leeches. and
to fuch leaches only be they granted as to Rock and others who are
panders for the devil.— but why are the people fuch fools? —comm.
prayer and /cripture they may have for their tythes. — for a/manacs they
may revive The clgg,—or there is a vagabond J/rae/ite who fells
“< Perpetual almanacs that lafis for ever.” Bas

80 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

fpecimen publifhed in 1764. although the fame note
tells us that though it was finifhed yet it was not
finifhed, “but would (with God’s leave) be carried on,
&c.” Amen.

Inthe {fpecimen of their characters, excellentas we have
{aid before, is nothing cenfurable but the filly notion and
filly fondnefs of multiplying Jodies: as if the intrinfic of
a foundery confifted in the numerofity of the heads ! —
we reduce the {pecimen to method, and hopethat the
arrangement (of the languages at leaft) will be purfued
in the next edition: * we fay the arrangement of the /an-

Luages

But of Ba/kett more is to be faid, that not content with England he
was for extending his monopoly into Scotland where was a patentee
under like powers for Scot/. as Ba/k. for Engl. but Bak. calling himfelf
King’s Printer for Gr. Britain infifted upon vending his books in Sco?/.
under The treaty of Union, but that Wat/on the patentee for Scor/. an
ingenious man, fhould not under the fame Treaty vend his books in
Engl.— this produced a conteft, and the Cafe was publifhed at Edingd.
1720. 4to.

Mr Caflon’s\ * Mr Ca/flon’s Foundery.

Fppnarty Thofe which have no name affixed are fuppofed to have been cut
by Mr Caf. himfelf.

ORIENTALS.

HEBR. Biblical, 21. Eag.— doub. pic.and gr. pr. (Caf. jun.) Eng.
— Eng. excavated, or Hutter’s leading-/iring-Hebr. — a {pec. may
be feenin Lyons’s gramm. pic. (Ca/l. jun.)— long-pr. brev. (Caf.
jun.) 21. gr. pr. (Cafl. gun.)

SAMAR. pic. cut by Dummer. syr. Eng. (Polygltt) aras. Eng.
ARMEN. pic.

MERIDIONALS.
COPT. pic. HTHIOP. pic.

OCCIDENTALS.

GREEK, Doub. pic. and gr. fae (Cafl. gun.) Eng. and pic. (Head)
long- pr. and brev.
Jim. pic. and nonp. (Caf. gun.)

ETRUSC. Eng.

Rom. and 1Tat. All the regulars.
Irreg. and tit. 5/. pic. 42. pic. (Mitch.) can. (Mr Moxon) 21.
doub. pic. (Cafl. jun.) 21. gr. pr. 24, Eng. and 2 1. pic. full f.

Cap.

¢

AND FOUNDERIES. 81

guages at leaft; for there is in a Founder’s fpecimen
a {mall advantage which would be loft to novices were
he to follow us in the arrangement of the Jesters: the
view at one look of the diminution of the fizes. yet
we fubmit to his confideration whether he would not
fhew better judgement were he to rank in this man-
_ner, making the proper diftinctions ;

Title-letters and irregulars above the /cale (ending with
Two-l. gr. pr.)

The Seven regulars.

Intermediates, and irregulars below the Scale (begin-
ning with Two-/. pic.)

cap. (Mitch.) 2 1. pic. (Ca/fl. jun.) parag. and fin. pic. (Caf. gun.)
Bourg. minion, nonp. and pearl. but Mr Ca/f. is cafting a Patago-
nian Which will lick up all thefe diminutives as the ox licketh up
the grafs of the field. — Proscriprion-letters to the meafure
of 20 lines of pic. fupported by arches, with the intermediates
downwards to 4 / of pic.

SEPTENTRIONALS.

GOTHIC, pic.

ANGLO. SAX. Eng. pic. long-pr. and brev. (Ca/fl. jun.)

ENGL. Doud. pic. and gr. pr. (Caf. jun.) Eng. (Head) Eng. more
modern, and pic. thefe two are one and the fame. the acts of
parl. are printed on them; therefore call them as Dr Ducarel
and the act call them ‘‘ he common legible hand and chara&er.” —
long-pr. and brev.—2 1. gr.pr. and fm. pic.

Music, Round-headed.—but a more expeditious though a lefs
beautiful way of printing mu/ic than by meta/-types is generally
ufed now: ftamping on pewter, which is durable enough for a
Jong. —yet Fought a German founded in mu/fic, and obtained a
patent about the y. 1766. he lived in St Martin’s lane: but he
returned to his native place, and Fakoner, a difappointed harpfi-
chord-maker, purchafed the patent. —he proceeds occafionally
as neceflity requireth.

FLOWERS, and the reft of the apparatus.

This is the beft account we can give of this capital and beautiful
foundery, the poffeffor of which refufed to anfwer the natural quef-
tions becaufe, forfooth, anfwering ‘‘ would be of no advantage to us.
if we wanted letter to be caft he would caft it.” but this we can do
ourfelves, —it is to be obferved that the querift was -— xv.

and

82 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

and we feem to wifh that in our catalogue and the
difpofition of our foundery we had done the fame
ourfelves. but we had proceeded fo far that the
trouble would have been great to have changed our
method.

Mr Thomas Cottrell is in order & primo proximus. he
was in the late Mr Ca/flon’s houfe, an apprentice to
dreffing but not to cutting. this part he learned,as Mr
Moxon terms it, [“‘] of his own genuine inclination” ;
to which we add “roufed by The fat of quadrats.” he
began in the y. 1757 (in conjunction with Baltus de
Graff who had ferved with Mynb. Vofkens of Amfterdam,
the fame as we fuppofe, or the fon of the fame, whom
Mr ‘fames calls Fofkins*) with a fount of Eng. Rom.
and has fince that time cut all the common Rom. and
Ital. founts as low as toa brevier which he thinks low
enough to fpoil the eyes; and fome uncommon founts,
as Profcription or Pofting letter of great bulk and dimen-
fion as high as to the meafure of 12 /. of pica: a fount
of Two-/. Eng. bafe Secretary, or the common engroffing-
hand: and a fount of Norman for the intended edition
of Domes-day-book,** which if the undertakers go on
as they have begun will by domes-day hardly be finifhed.
he is about to cut as we hope a fount of Ruffian fora
gent. who compiles a Ruf. dictionary; the fame gent.

gree Ba
wig Cot- |**So Mr Cottrell’s foundery confifts of
trell’s
Foundry. JOCCIDENTALS.
ROM. and iTat. All the regulars and irregulars, and title-letters
to Bourgeotfe.
PROSCRIPTION letter, upwards from 4/ to 12 / pic.
SEPTENTRIONALS.
NORMAN. Eng.
ENGLISH. Two-/.-Eng. bafe Secretary.
Doub. pica Scriptorial.
who

AND FOUNDERIES. $3

who tranflated into Eng/. The grand inftruétions of her
lmpertal Ma. Cath. Il. for a new code of laws for the
Ruffian empire, Lond. 1768. 4to, to whom we withh fuc-
cefs. and Mr. Cott. is now cutting a fount of doud. pic.
Scriptorial.—he lives in Nevil’s-court, in Fetter-lane,
obliging, good-natured, and friendly; rejecting nothing
becaufe it is out of the common way, and is expeditious
in his performances,

Mr ‘Fofeph ‘fackfon was in Mr. Caflon’s houfe too. an
apprentice to the whole art, into which he launched
out for himfelf upon the fame principle as did Mr
Cottrell: for actuated by the fame motives they both
flew off together.— Mr ‘Fack/on lives in Sali/bury-court
in Fleet-ftreet. he is obliging and communicative, and
his fpecimen will adjuvante numine, have place amongft
the literate fpecimens of Eng/. letter cutters—the prog-
noftics are thefe.*

Mr Ifaac Moor was an ingenious White Smith in
Birmingham, from whence he removed to &ri/tol, and

*ORIENTALS. Mr Fack-
HEBR. Doud. pie. Jon’s Foun-
PERSIC Eng. dery,

1773:

BENGAL or modern sHANSCRIT. a corruption of the older char-
acters of the Hindoos, the antient inhabitants of Benga/: cut for
Mr Will. Bolts, Judge of the Mayor’s Court at Calcutta, for a
work in which he was engaged at the time of his fudden depart-
ure from England about the y. 1774.

OCCIDENTALS.
GREEK Eng. Long-pr. Brev.
ROM. and ITAL. ficut et reliqui.

SEPTENTRIONALS.
ENGLISH, Two-/. gr. pr.
SCRIPTORIAL, Doub. pic. nearly finifhed; and
He has likewife PRoscRIPTION letters beginning at 12 / pic. the
fame with thofe of Mr Cottred/, the firft who cut letters of this
dimentfion.

leaving

84 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

leaving his original occupation made his firft effays in
Letter cutting and founding at that place he now lives in
Queen-ftreet Upper-Moor-fields,and carries on the bufi-
nefs there in slau with Mr Pyne a book-feller

at Brifiol.*
Thefe are the prefent Eng/. Letter founders.

Some others of lefs note are to be mentioned who
of late years have exercifed the occupation here, but
have either quitted it or exercifed it occafionally, or
have left the kingdom; as

The Weftons. thefe are mentioned by Ames, and
this is all we can fay of them; unlefs we intimate our

Foundery, lution “to eftablifh their credit upon the proportion and beauty of

"77° J their letter, and they entreat the curious and critical to make a mi-

nute examination and comparifon of the letters and founts of every

fize with the fame letters and founts of the moft refpectable foun-

ders in the kingdom. for as all letters whether Rom. or Ita/. bear a

great fimilitude the one to the other they apprehend that the beauty

or deformity of them are only to be difcovered by fuch a compari-

fon; in which they hope will be fet afide the influence of cuftom and

prejudice, and propriety elegance and mathematical proportion only

attended to, which being done they apprehend it will appear that

the fizes in their fp. of 1770 bear a greater likenefs the one to the

other than thofe of any other Founder. they purpofe alfo to keep

their founts to a /fandard body and line, by which means they fhall be

enabled to have a ftock by them for the more immediate fupply of

additions and imperfections without waiting the delay of cafting,”

—their letter is neat.— We do “fet afide the influence of cuftom”

and call it t4e law of fools, but we muft recommend to the confidera-

tion of the proprietors the difference between /caping and counter-
punching.

Mr Moor’s Ih The proprietors of this foundery began their enterprize with a refo-

The contents of the fp. of 1770 are

OCCIDENTALS.
Rom. and1Tat. All the regulars. —Tit. and Irreg. 8/. pic. 61. pic.
54. pic. 4. pic. can. 21. gr. pr. fm. pic. bourg. nonp. and pearl.

fufpicion

AND FOUNDERIES. 86

fufpicion that mes who was an arrant blunderer has
made Engii/b-men of the Weifeins of Amfterdam.—he
was a Plane Iron maker and lived at the Hermitage, and
was Secretary to the Soc. of Antiquaries. he was unlearned
yet ufeful. he collected antiquities and particularly old
title pages, and the heads of authors, which he tore
out and maimed the books. for the firft of thefe crimes

he made fome amends by his (ppograpbical Antig-
uities ; for the fecond by his Caz. of Engl. hbeads* taken
from the collection of Mr Nicholls.

Mr Dummers and Mr Fallefon were both foreigners,
but they founded in Eng/and, and the former who

* This performance is not to be defpifed. —judicioufly executed
a work of this fort would be an appendage entertaining and ufeful
to the readers of Exg/. biography. and it ought to be done at the
common labour expence and charges of thefe Iconocla/fs. becaufe their
depredations are a grand impediment to another who fhould attempt
it, and if this go#t for prints and thievery continues let private own-
ers and public libraries look well to their books, for there will not
remain a valuable book ungarbled by their connoiffeuring villainy: for
neither honefty nor oaths reftrain them.

Yet thefe fanciers, if prints themfelves are to be collected, in-
ftead of being injurious to every body might make themfelves fer-
viceable to pofterity, and become a kind of medalifts (who by the
bye are almoft as great thieves as their-felves, though the hurt they
do is not fo extenfive as it lies chiefly among themfelves who all
hold this doétrine “‘that exchange is no robbery” but if they could
filch without exchanging no {cruple of confcience would prevent
them| )]. we fay they might render themfelves ufeful to pofterity by
gathering together the hiftorical, political, fatyrical, anecdotal and
temporal pieces with which the age abounds; adding an explana-
tion of the intent and meaning for the instruction and amufement
of times to come— the misfortune is, they muft buy the One, but
they can fteal the Other, and fteal they will although watched with
the eyes of Argus. unlefs the valuables like fome other joca/ia are
fhewn to them through a grate; and even then the keeper muft be
vigilant. 3

was

86 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

was a Dutch-man cut the Samaritan exhibited in Mr
Caflon’s {pecim. the latter was a German, and lived in
the O/d Bailey. he propofed from shree /ets of punches
to caft fix bodies of letter; drevier and /ong-pr. from
one fet, Ezg. and pica from another; and doud. pic. and
gr. pr. from a third.—but they both retired to their
native countries.

Mr George Anderton of Birmingham attempted Let-
ter-founding. he took Mr Sam. Caflon to be his mould
maker who had been mould-maker to his brother the
late Mr Caflon, and on occafion of fome difpute had
left him. Mr Anderton printed a little {pecimen of Gr.
pr. Rom. and Ital. in the y. 1753.

Mr ‘fob. Baine publifhed a fpecimen (very pretty)
without a date. it exhibits gr. pr. and pic. Greek, and
(we take no notice of title-letters) the Rom. and Jzal.
regulars beginning at gr. pr.—and the baftard /m.
pic. —Mr Baine left Eng/. and is now we think alive in
Scotland.

Mr Bafkerville of Birmingham that enterprizing
place, made fome attempts at /eter-cutting, but de-
fifted and with good reafon. the Greek cut by him or
bis for the Univ. of Oxf is execrable. indeed he can
hardly claim a place amongtt /etter-cuiters. his typo-
graphical excellence lay more in trim glofly paper to

dim the fight.

Mr ‘Fofeph Fenwick was a lock-{mith and worked as

a journey-man in David-ftr. in Oxford road. invited
by an advertifement from Mr Ca/on for a {mith who
could jfile /mooth and make a good fcrew, he applied;
and is now mould-mender in ordinary to Mr Caflon.
but

AND FOUNDERIES. 87

but his ingenuity hath prompted him to greater things
than a good /crew. he hath cut a fount of Two-/. pic.
Scriptorial for a divine, the planner of the Statuze at
Plaifierer’s ball for demifing and to farm letting fer-
vants of both fexes and all fervices. of him Mr Ca/.
required an enormous fum when he thought that no
body could do the work but himfelf. Mr Fenw. fuc-
ceeded at a very moderate expence; for he has not
been paid for his labour. the plaufible defign of the
fount was the relief and eafe of our rural vineyarders,
_ and the fervice of thofe churches in which the galleries
overlook the pulpit.

7. Richards who lives near Hungerford-ftreet in the
Strand, calls himfelf /etter-founder and toyman. but he
feems to be more properly (if we underftand his hand
bill) an inftrument-maker for marking the fhirts of
foldiers to prevent plunder in times of peace. — but
we have feen no fpecimen either on paper or on rags.
yet we take him to be a fubfidiary in the room of
Howard and Phillips, and Whiteboufe, Thwaits, Eft, and
Lepper, and others of the fodality of thofe who work

for others more than for themfelves.

Our hiftory now approacheth the converging point,
which centers in a Caledonian whofe name is MW Phai/. it
is {aid that he hath cuttwo full faced founts one of Two-/.
Eng/. the other of Two-/./m. pic. hath made the moulds,
and cafts the letter his-felf. if this be true [(Jand we
have reafon to believe that it is not altogether falfe) he
muft travel like the circumforanean printers of names
from door to door foon after the invention of the art,
with all the apparatus 1n a pack upon his fhoulders; for

he

88 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

he is a nulibiquarian, and we cannot find his found-
ing-houfe.
So much for The Founders.

We fhall now in purfuance of a fecond intention
endeavour to draw into one point of view an account
of the feveral matrices which are at this time in Eng/.
confining ourfelves to the learned forts and the lefs
common forts of types, the common fort needing
no enumeration as they are in the hands of every
Founder.

There may be deficienc[iJes in our account as the
Univ. of Oxf have publifhed no {pecimen as we be-
lieve between the years 1706 and 1770. and the {pec.
publifhed in the laft of thefe years is of no fervice
to us, nor of any credit to that learned body. it was
printed at the requeft of foreigners. and is a {peci-
men of letter only. but the drift of their requeft was not
to know what letter the Univ. purchafe of Mr Ca/lon,
but to know what matrices the Univ. have which
neither Mr Caf. nor any one elfe is poffeffed of but
themfelves.

From the Univ. of Cambr. who were backward in
the reception of the art, and have been lefs fedulous
fince, we never faw a fpecimen (in fact they have
not the matter to work upon) and it is poffible that
pu[n]cheons matrices or types may be in the poffeffion
of private perfons to whom we fhall be thankful if
they fupply what in us is wanting.

Omitting then the antient founderies of which we
can fay nothing with certainty as they are either de-
ftroyed or intermixed with others, the founderies now
in the kingdom according to the apparent date of
their exiftence are thefe;

The

S PoE Cri M’ Er N.

Excufatos nos habeant eruditi quibus obvenerit
typorum Jamefiancrum fpecimen accuratis per-
luftrare oculis, quod minus quam expetendum
effet, in linguis przefertim reconditioribus, elima-
tum prodeat: in animo erat dediffe emendatiffimum,
etfi fat fe feciffe exiftiment opifices, fi, pofthabitis
preli ceterifque maculis, oftendatur literarum facies
—limz non defuit labor; at ceffante Fufore ceflavit
fornax, et defuerunt fufi ad emaculandum typi.

=“

OoRSIE NT AL...
Hoe Bow BW.
BIBLICAL.

Twoeline Englifh, modern.
TTS LS 83 FVUN I ye
VAN) sVANT Nk crown
Ypeby Jem naan Ann

Byaneman, 1 (2). Matrices 32.
Two-line Englith, No. 2.

UT OS DTS Sa mve7
non yANm syn os) op

~ Bynneman, 1 (2.) Matrices 32.

[ io }

OCCIDENTALS

GREEK.
Englifh, Alexandrian.

MAKAPIOCANHPOCOYKENO
PEYOHENBOYAHACEBUWNKAIEN
OALWAMAPTWMAWNOYKECTHKSX

De Worde 8. Matrices 31,

Double Pica.

ABT NOWAiT tS 1e

a e Cn Fidve Cn Bdrm
fomampaGsrilu Wo
‘e f $ PX

| lane 0 @eo¢ vy 73 8 avOpconts gu-

Teh Te omen nerre. TNS clper'iig.
De Worde 1&2. Matrices 284.

Great Primer.

AA ZK M2 T's T'S ¥ Fa

aBeydeqbumreraioClstoxw
Ds Worde 9. Matrices 131.

AND FOUNDERIES. 89

The Polyglott Foundery,
Bith. Fe//s,
Mr ‘Funius’s,
Mr Moxon’s,
Mr (Fobhn) Grover’s,
Mr Thos. Grover’s,
Mr Rob. Andrews’s,
Mr Silv. Andrews’s,
Mr Head’s,
Mr Robert Mitchell’s,
Mr Tho. Fames’s,
Mr Will. Caflon’s,
Mar Fac.Llvers,: o>
Mr ‘Fob. Fames’s,

~ Mr Tho. Cottrell’s,
Mr. ‘Fofeph Fack/on’s,
Mr Ifaac Moor’s,

all which may be contracted into fix;

bp “ he hip compofe the Oxford
Me Sinise foundery.

Mr ‘Fames’s which comprizes all the reft
except the modern founderies, which
are thofe of

Mr Caflon

eit ate the prefent founders.

Mr Moor

and the fynopfis will be this:

ORIENTALS.
Hes. Bib/. Two-l. Eng. — ‘Fam. Caf.
Doub. pic. — Fam. Caf). Fack/.
Gr. pr.— Fam. Ca/l.
Eng.— Oxon. (called in the Oxf. Specimen
brevier ) ‘fam. Caf.

Eng.

90 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS,

Rabb.

SAMAR.

SYR. vulg.

ARAB.

Eng. open ferviles—Ca/.

Long-pr. (called in the Oxf Spec. nonp.)
— Oxon. ‘fam. Ca/l.

Brev.— Jam. Ca/l.

Two-l. gr. pr. (called in the Oxf. Spec.
doub. pic. )—Oxon. Cafl.

Sm. pic.— Fam. Ca/fl.

Nonp. — Fam.

Pic. Long-pr. Brev. Nonp.) .

Feta Eng. 4 ly sdisatnlc

Doub. pic. Leu/d.— Fam. only.

Gr. pr. with the Eng. face, (called in the
Oxf. Spec. Engl.) — Oxon.

Eng.— Fam.

Pic.—Ca/l.

Long-pr. (punches) Yam. only.

Doub. pic.—Fam. |

Gr. pr.—Fam.
Eng.—Oxon. ‘Fam. Ca/fl.
Pic.— Fam.

Doub. pic.
rigs ee | yam. only.

Eng.— Oxon. ‘Fam. Caf).
Pic. (punches) Fam. only.

Persic Eng. — Oxon. Fackf,

Turcic
MaALAIc
BENGAL

ARMEN.

FAETHIOP.

Copric

Eng.— Oxon.

Fack/. only.

Eng.—Oxon.

Pic.—Ca/fl.

Gr. pr.— Oxon. Fam.

Eng.— fam.

Pic.—Ca/fl.
MERIDIONALS.
Eng.— Oxon.

Pic.— Caf.

OCC I-

[ 4 ]
ner OTe Hook, Ce

Pica.

RBEGQGRAN OCRS TY & GCorutie
ACC). Matrices 12.

ANGLO-SAXON.

Great Primer.

Ano ponsyf up une syleay pa ypa pe Saxon.
| popsipas unum sylcenoum. Ano nege-
A BCDEFFBHIKL@NOPQRSps

De Worde 11. Matrices 25.

Great Primer. No. 2. 3
Fedep upe pu pe eanz ou heore-
num. yi pin nama schalxoo = 70-be-
cume pin nice sepun’se pin pilla

De Worde 11. Matrices 21.

Englith.
feed ee OV i ke Al By Dt
ore fT Se ye prey PORP Pp yp ey

De Worde 11, Matrices 34.

[ 20 ]

EN ae ee

‘Two- line Great Primer.

And be it further
enarcten Dp the Au

Byddel 7. Matrices 70- _

Great Primer.

And be tt further enaced by the
Authority aforelad, Khat all and

Byddel 2. Matrices 80,

Great Primer. No. 2

And be tt further enacted ba the
Authortta afoaclald, that all and
Wolfe 5. Matrices 121.

Englith.

Mnd be it further enatted by the Authorwtn
aforefaia, Chat all and everp of tie fain
A (1). Matrices 66,

C 24 ]

ROMAN CAPITALS.

Five-line Pica.

C D EF ROMAN,

Copland 1. Matrices 47.

Four-line Pica,

ABCDE

Copland 2. Matrices 27.
Leaden Matrices, compleat.

Two-line Great Primer.

ABCDEFB

Copland 5. Matrices 2t,
with the nine Greek matrices.

[ 26 ]

ROMAN AND ITALIC

Quouique tan-
dem abutere,

uoufque tan-
dem abutere,

Copland 4. Matrices 141

French Canon. No. 3.

Quoufque tan
-dem abutere,

Bertbelet 2. Matrices $5.

AND FOUNDERIES. 91

Ore CInD BPaMeb A Es
GREEK Alexandr. —Fam.
Doub. pic. — Oxon. ‘Fam. Ca/l. Bafkerv.
Gr. pr.— Oxon. Fam. Caf.
Eng.— Oxon. Fam. Caf. “Fack/.
Pic.— Oxon. Fam. Cafl. “Fack/.
Long-pr.— Oxon. ‘fam. Cafl. ‘Facky/.
Brev.— Oxon. Fam. Caf.
ETRusc. Pic.— Caf.
Scxiav. Cyrul. Gr. pr.— Oxon.
Two-l. Doub. pic. — Oxon.
Sm. pic. — Oxon.

Nonp.— am. Caf.

Pic. — Caf.
ROMAN
and palfim.
Ifaric
oir FEN PT RTO N A'L S.
Runic Pic. — Oxon. Fam.
GoTHIc Pic. — Oxon. Fam. Cafl.
SAXON Gr. pr.— Fam.
Eng. (Mrs Elftob’s) Oxon.
Eng.— Jam. Ca/l.

Pic. — Oxon. ‘Fam.
Long-pr.— Fam. Caf).
Brev.— fam. Ca/l.
Sm. pic. — Oxon.

IsLANDIC
NorMAn — Cottr.—and the Briu/h Mufeum.
ANGLO- {Ee Pr am a
NorMAN |Eng. Waa
Encutsu _ of fome fort, punchions fealed up in an
earthen pot.— Oxon.

Doub. pic.— Fam. Ca/l.

DaNISH
Swep. Eng. }Oxon.

Gr.

g2 OF ENGLISH FOUNDERS.

Gr. pr.— Fam. Ca/l.

Eng.— fam. Caf.

Pic.— Fam. Cafl.

Long-pr. — Fam. Ca/l.

Brev.— am. Caf.

Two-l. gr. pr.— fam. Cafl. Fack/.
Sm. pic. —‘fam. Caf.

Nonp.— fam.

DERIVATIVES

from the Saxon, NorRMAN and ENGLISH.

Court
SECRET.
CuRSIVES

HIsBERN.
ConFIictT.

Doub. pic.

Eng. Fam.

Gr. pr.

Two-l. Eng. bafe Secr.— Coit. only.
Various. — Fam. ‘Fack/. Cott. kenw.
fam. only.

Fam. only.

SYA wyuney yuna
Pic eka Be ING JO Ti ocX.,

i tls fubject of the preceding Differtation is in fome de-
gree new to the world, and of more importance than at
firft it may appear to be. Thofe, who were acquainted with
Mr. Mores, know that he would not willingly have facrificed
fo large a portion of time, expence, and labour, in purfuit of
an uninterefting object; nor need it be added, that his exten-
five abilities and fteady perfeverance rendered him perhaps
of all others the propereft for fo difficult an undertaking. He
had alfo the advantage of perufing the MSS. of the late Mr.
‘James, whence he derived the knowledge of the feveral Dutch
anecdotes he has related. It may therefore, on the whole, be
pronounced an excellent performance: in which, however,
fome cafual omiffions may be occafionally fupplied, and fome
flight miftakes re¢tified.

One general remark muft naturally occur to the moft
fuperficial reader. The author’s whimfical peculiarities in ad-
breviations and in punétuation deform his pages, and too fre-
quently involve an otherwife clear fentencein obfcurity. Mr.
Mores, it is true, has atoned for this inconvenience, by the
manly ftrength of thought and acutenefs of obfervation with
which this little work abounds. But the reader, whether for
amufement or inftruction, expects his eafe to be confulted, if
it can be done conveniently; and is apt to lay afide a book in
which many unneceflary impediments are thrown in his way.
A ftriking inftance of thisaffertion may be feen in Mr. Capell’s
“ Prolufions;” a book of merit, and in every, other refpect in-
comparably well printed, yet no one can pdffibly read it for
a quarter of an hour with pleafure. But no greater can be
given than Charles Butler’s two 4tos. one on Englifh Gram-
mar, and the other on Bees, Oxford, 1634; in which, how-
ever well they may deferve it, 1 think nobody will take the
difagreeable trouble of reading three lines. The uncommon
mode of printing the letter s in Mr. Ames’s Typographical
Antiquities fhould likewife here be mentioned. :

That the early printers were their own Founders, may be

taken

94 APPENDIX.

taken for granted with Mr. Mores, whofe enumeration of
them p. 4—8. (excepting only his omiffion of Corfellis, whofe
exiftence, it may be fuppofed, he difbelieved) is faithful and
entertaining.

P. 11. Ina letter to archbifhop Uther, dated July 18, 1653,
Bp. Walton fays, “I hope we {hall prefently begin the work ;
‘yet I doubt the founders will make us {tay a week longer than
“we expected.— We have refolved to have a better paper
“than that of 11s. a ream; viz.of 15s.a ream.” A great price!
In the fame page a doubt is fuggefted, from M. de Bure,
whether any copies of Caftel’s Lexicon were printed on Jarge
paper. But this doubt may inftantly be removed by infpec-
tion of the very fine copy on large paper in The Britifh Mu-
feum, which is the fame that was prefented to King Charles
the Second. A fecond is in the Lambeth Library; and a third,
I believe, in the library of the cathedral church of Chichefter.
There is a tradition, M. de Bure fays, that only twe/ve copies
of the Polyglott were printed in that fize.— May I be ex-
cufed a fhort digreffion? A thin 4to pamphlet, 1660, intituled,
“Sol Angliz Oriens Aufpiciis Caroli II. Regum Gloriofif-
“fimi,”” and adorned with an admirable head of that mon-
arch, is infcribed, “‘Sereniffimo & Potentiffimo Principi ac
“Domino Domino Carolo, ejus nominis Secundo, Auguf-
“tiffimo Britanniarum, Franc. &c. &c. Monarche, Fidei De-
“fenfori, &c. Regi Clementifimo, SoreRtra fuper Sacratiff,
“ejus Majeftatis incolumitate apud exteros; GRATULATO-
“RIA de ejufdem reditu ad fuos; VoTIVA pro omnigena
“ Animz, Corporis ac Regiminis Felicitate, Carmina fua,
“illis Linguis, qua in Lexico, quod fub prelo eft, Polyglotto
«“Orientali, exhibentur, humillime offert, fuo & Sociorum
“nomine, Epmunpbus CasTeELtL, S.T.B.;” whom Bp.
Walton, in his Preface, calls “ Virum in quo eruditio fumma,
‘““magnaque animi modeftia convenere: qui in Samaritanis,
“‘Syriacis, Arabicis, & Aéthiopicis, nullam non adhibuit dili-
“oentiam; Cantici Canticorum A*thiopici verfionem Lati-
“nam procudit, necnon annotationes doétiffimas in earundem
‘linguarum verfiones elaboravit.” Thefe acknowledgements,
however, were inadequate to the fervices of Dr. Caftell; who
tranflated feveral books of the New Teftament, and the
Syriac verfion of Job where it differs from the Arabic; and,

what

APPENDIX. 95

what equally deferved to be recorded, contributed more than
a thoufand pounds to the expences of the edition*. Dr. Caf-
tell, who was born at Hatley in Cambridgefhire, was admitted
of Emanuel College in Cambridge, 1621 ; and when he under-
took the “Lexicon Heptaglotton,”’ admitted himfelf of St.
John’s for the fake of the library. Seventeen years were {pent
by him in this laborious tafk, on which he beftowed incredi-
ble pains and expence, even to the ruin of his conftitution
and fortune, having expended a confiderable patrimony on
that work, and reduced himfelf in 1666 to extreme diftrefst.
In that year, when he was overwhelmed with debts, the royal
favour began to fhine on him; he was made king’s chaplain,
and Arabic profeflor at Cambridge. In 1668, he obtained a pre-
bend of Canterbury. The next year he publifhed his Lexi-
con; and got the fmall vicarageof Hatfield Peverell; hadafter-
wards Wodeham Walter rectory, both in Effex ; and, towards
the clofe of his life, the retory of Higham Gobyon in Bed-
fordfhire; where he died in 1685, and was buried in that
church againft the North wall of the chancel; where a tablet
of black marble in a white ftone frame, with a circular pedi-
ment terminating in a fhield and fupported by two brackets,

*T fhall fubjoin the words of both: ‘Viros doétiffimos conquifivi, qui
“prelorum correctioni & exemplarium quorumdam collationi, &c. in-
“vigilantes, mecum continuo adeflent, quibus Honoraria pro laboribus
“‘exantlatis perfolvi.”” Bp. Walton, Preface.— “‘Honorarium illud quod
“in Praefatione Waltoniana dicor accepiffe, in illud ipfum opus non re-
“fundebam tantum omne, fed mille, plus minus, libras, ad promoven-
“‘dum illud, partim ab aliis folicitando procurabam, partim ipfe dona-
“bam ultro.” Dr. Ca/flell, Preface.

t “Socios quidem habui in hoc opere, fed perexiguo tempore mecum
“in illo commorantes, nefcio an dicam, immenfitate laboris plane ex-
“territos. Quos diutius retinui, hi fuerunt; D. M. Murray Grypf{wal-
“‘denfis, vir non minus doétus, quam admodum ingenuus, cui per fep-
“tennii fere {patium Arabicas meas concredideram collectiones; D.Gul.
“ Beveridgius, vir in fecretioribus hifce literis egregie verfatus, per di-
“ midium illius temporis, curabat Syriacas: prout in #thiopicis per idem
“tempus operam impendebat fuam M.D. Wanflebius, qui ad perpo-
“liendum ejus in iifdem ingenium, in varias Orientis oras longa atque
“‘periculofa fufcepit itinera. Per plures annos, jam zxtate provectus, &
“una cum patrimonio fatis competenti, exhauftis etiam animi viribus,
“oculis caligantibus, corporis variis in hoc opere contrac¢tis, & diflocatis
““membris, relictus fum folus, fine amanuenfi, aut vel correétore ullo.”
Dr. Ca/ftell, Preface.

from

96 APPENDIX.

from which drops a feftoon enclofing another fhield, was
thus infcribed in his life-time:

Edmund Caftell’ 8. T. P. regia majeftati Caroli
21 a facris ecclefia Chrifti Cantuarienf
Canonicus Lingue Arabica apud Cantabrig
Profeffor. regal Soctetatis focius Auth" Lex
Heptagl. Necnon Hujus Ecclefiea Reétor
Mortalitatis quod reliquum eff tam

ipfi quam leétiffime eyus Conjugt D*

Elizab. Bettefworth Petri Bettefworth

militis aurati primo relicta, deinde ‘fohani
Herris armig (cup fl’ Wilhelm’ una cum

filta ef Elhzab. hic jacent) Anno atatts
Edmund 68 D*% Ehzab. 64 anno Chrifti 1674

Vivus hic legat humandum.
ois cpe hue J yy Sica Jo

On the upper fhield quarterly, 1 Ona bend 3 cingfoils. 2 A
crofs botone. 3 A fefs wavey between 2 horfefhoes. 4 Ina can-
ton finifter 2 lions paffant guardant. Creft, a caftle.

On the lower fhield: On a bend 3 cinqfoils.

His Oriental manufcripts he bequeathed to the univerfity
of Cambridge, on condition that his name fhould be written
on every copy in the collection.

P. 12. That the Hebrew charaCters were ufed earlier than
1484, fee The Origin of Printing,1776,p. 108. A copy of the
Peatateuch, which was printed in 1482, moft probably at the
Monaitery of Soncino, is preferved at Verona, and another in
the library of the marquis of Baden Durlac.

P. 13. The Pica Coptic of Mr. Caflon was ufed by Mr.
Bowyer (by whom the cutting of it was fuperintended) for
Dr. Wilkins’s edition of the Pentateuch, begun in 1729, and
publifhed in 1730.1 have ftill this fett of types in excellent
prefervation. On the article of Dr. Wilkins I fhall soon have
a more fuitable opportunity of enlarging, in the Anecdotes of

Mr. Bowyer. °

P, 20. Mr. Mores very juftly reprobates the ufe of irreg-
ular bodies; but Paragon fhould be exempted from this cen-
fure.

APPENDIX. 97

fure. The German printers had very early a type which they
called Paragon, five Secundus; “ita di@tus quod proximus a
“ T’extuali, qui primus ex quotidianis.” The charafters next
inferior were, Tertius, or Great Primer; AZedius, or Englifh;
Cicero, or Pica; Garmond, a Fr. de Garmond, ab aliis Corpus
dict. quod ejufmodi literze in Corp. ‘Fur. Civil. edit. ufurpantur;
this latter is probably our Long Primer; and Perit the Brevier
(i. e. the type ufed in the fmall Breviary). The loweft fize at
that time was Nonpareil.

P. 21. The letter which Mr. Moxon calls Great Canon
fhould properly have been diftinguifhed by the name of

Oxford Canon,

which is confiderably fmaller both in face and body than the

French Canon.

P. 21. By all means here, and in p. 69, read,“* Monf. Tory.”

P. 26. On Mr. Shelton’s publication, I fhall have occafion
to fay fomething in the Anecdotes of Mr. Bowyer.

P. 27. Mr. Wanley was certainly of Univerfity College,
though he was at firft of St. Edmund Hall. Of him alfo I
fhall take the opportunity of fpeaking farther in the Anec-
dotes.

P. 28. Of Mr. Elftob and his learned fifter I hope alfo to
preferve fome curious particulars in that work. ‘To thofe who
know the whole hiftory of the Saxon punches and matrices, it
muft be pleafant to obferve the formal manner in which they

are reprefented to have been depofited in the Clarendonian
theatre in 1753. Of thefe types I have ftill a {mall font; which
was ufed in 1767 for the Saxon words in Mr. Clarke’s val-
uable hiftory of ‘The Connexion of the Roman, Saxon, and

“ Englifh Coins.”

P. 61. Mrs. Fenner was afterwards married to Mr.
Waugh, an apothecary, whom fhe furvived. Ata fale of her
effects

98 APPENDIX.

effects in 1768 I purchafed a quantity of wafte metal which
had been many years accumulating; among this parcel was
a great variety of blocks fimilar to that of Salluft which Mr.
Mores has exhibited in p. 62. One of thefe (a hand-bill for
Dr. Stoughton’s Cordial Elixir) I have preferved: and have
alfo by me an accidental curiofity; a {mall lump dug out of
the ruins occafioned by the conflagration in White Fryars,
Jan. 30, 1712-13; which, by having been compreffed be-
tween two folid fubftances, exhibits on its oppofite fides what
Mr. Mores would have called, an impreffion en creux and en

relief. See p. 67.

P. 62. The account of Ged is lefs perfect than it might
have been. I have a quarto half fheet, dated London, May
29,1751, intituled, “An Account of fome of the Advantages
‘‘of that Improvement in the Art of Printing, invented by
‘William Ged, late Goldfmith in Edinburgh; with Propo-
“fals of a Subfcription for enabling his Son, James Ged,
«« Printer, and now the only Pofleffor of this valuable Secret,
“to carry it into farther Execution, for the Good of the
‘Publick, and the Benefit of his Family.” By this account
it appears that the plates for Salluft were completed by the
elder Ged, and an edition actually printed at Edinburgh in
1736; and that in 1751 the fon had all the father’s tools,
though confiderably damaged by difufe.

P. 63. Mr. Caflon’s Hebrew was firft exhibited to the pub-
lick in the valuable edition of Selden, which paffed through
Mr. Bowyer’s prefs between the years 1722 and 1726. The
firft font which he caft wasan Englifh Roman and Italic for
the elder Mr. Bowyer, which was alfo ufed in Selden.

P.74. Mr. Mores feems to have intended to have given

a /pectmen from the many curious matrices in his Foundery,
if he had lived to have publifhed his Differtation. And here
it may not be unneceflary to obferve, that when he {peaks fo
frequently of ouR Fo uNDERY, he was actually pofleffed of
all the curious parts of that immenfe collection, which, after
an accumulation of nearly three centuries, had centered in
the late Mr. John James; a mafs apparently of rubbifh, but
in which, Mr. M. fays, virtua was gratified by fome original
punches of WynNkK YN DE WoRDE; which leads me to ob-
ferve

APPENDIX. 99

ferve, that a miftaken notion hath been propagated *, that the
black letter now in ufe is caft from the matrices of this cele-
brated Veteran. Almoft every Founder is pofleffed of ma-
trices for that {pecies of types, almoft as regularly as for Ro-
man or Italic. The model of De Worde, however, has been
very frequently followed by many of them.

P. 81. The ridicule which our learned author has thrown
on the /econd of the Caflons flies harmlefs to the winds. That
artift, who certainly had merit, though unequal to his father, is
now no.more; and is fucceeded in bufinefs by a fon, to whom
we cannot recommend a better model than that of his worthy
grandfather; on whom Sir John Hawkins has beftowed an
elegant tribute of applaufe, vol. V. p. 127.

P. 82. Mr. Cottrell was defervedly a favourite with our
author, whofe character of him is juft and impartial.

P. 83. Of Mr. Jackfon he would have faid more, if he had
known him in 1779. The labour of fix fucceflive years has
been diligently exerted fince Mr. Mores defcribed his Foun-
dery in 1773. He too, after cutting a variety of types for
the Rolls of Parliament (a work which will ever refle@ hon-
our on the good tafte and munificence of the prefent reign),
has employed his talents on Dome/day, and ina manner more
fuccefsful than his fellow-labourer. I have the pleafure of in-
forming the publick, that the larger volume of that valuable
record is nearly finifhed at the prefs, on a plan which I had the
honour of projecting, and Mr. Jackfon the fkill to execute.
To his Occidentals may also be added a beautiful Pica Greek,
which he cut under the exprefs direction of Mr. Bowyer, who
ufed to fay, the types in common ufe were “no more Greek
“‘than they were Englifh}.” And(underthe direction of Jofhua
Steele, Efq; the ingenious author of “ Profodia Rational;
“an Effay towards eftablifhing the Melody and Meafure of

*See Palmer’s “Hiftory of Printing,” p. 343.

+ Every nation, probably, alters Greek, &c. a little to their own letters.
See what is faid of Gothic and Hunnic by Mr. Mores, p. 29. which is juft
the thing. There is no Greek types like the MSS. of Alexandr. or Beza,
or the Infcription of Jupiter Ourios; they are modernized, or anglicized,
to pleafe our own eyes. This remark is from the friend to whom I owe the
beginning of the next note.

“Speech, ’’)

100 APPENDIX.

“«Speech,”) Mr. Jackfon hath augmented the numberof Mufi-
cal types * by fuch as reprefent the emphafis and cadence of
profe.

P.85. I am forry to obferve the antipathies of Mr. Mores
fo predominant. A difpute which (I am told) he had with the
Society of Antiquaries appears to have long lain rankling in
his heart, and here burfts out in a dreadful ftorm on Mr.
Ames their fecretary; whofe vindication I leave to the illus-
trator of his “Typographical Antiquities:”’ but fhall take an
opportunity of giving fome biographical anecdotes of Mr.
Ames in another work.

P. 86. The idea entertained by Mr. Mores of the ingen-
ious Mr. Bafkerville is certainly a juft one. His glofly

* “Fournier is faid to be the inventor of printing mufic twenty years
“ago. M. Preufchen firft thought of printing maps in 1773. He affoci-
‘fated with M. Haas, a celebrated founder, who executed the types in
“1775, and fent {pecimens of his performance to the Imperial Acad-
“emyat St. Peterfburg. See more in the Journal Encyclopedique, 1779,
“ Avril, p. 89.” The perfon who fent me this notice is perfuaded, that he
knows an univerfal improvement to all three {pecies of printing. I muft
add, however, that Fournier’s claim, I imagine, is to the invention of
ftamping mufic on plates of pewter, which Mr. Mores, p. 81, mentions
as having been practifed in London by Foght, and which, as he prop-
erly obferves, is lefs beautiful than types, though poflibly more expedi-
tious, and fufficiently durable for a fong. The earlieft ufe of mufical
types may be fixed, with Ames and Sir John Hawkins, to the “ Poly-
“‘chronicon of Higden” in 1495, where the characters are fufficiently
rude. Mufic was printed with plates, ftill earlier, at Milan. The types
arrived at great perfection in Germany by the year 1500; in Italy about
1515; and in England, progreflively, by Grafton (who obtained a pa-
tent for printing the ftatute-books, the earlieft patent that is taken no-
tice of by Sir W. Dugdale) about 1540; by John Day in 1560; and in
1575 by Thomas Vautrollier, the printer of the “Cantiones” of Tallis
and Bird, who, though not printers, obtained from Q. Elizabeth a patent
for the fole printing of mufic. In 1598 a patent, with powers {till more
ample, was granted to Thomas Morley ; after the expiration of which,
this branch of printing was exercifed by every printer who chofe it;
and was greatly improved by Thomas Playford in 1660. See “ Hiftory
“of Mufic,” vol. III. p. 56, 57. 174. IV. 341. 473. and V. 107-110; in
which latter page, this learned and entertaining writer fays, “the laft
“‘ereat improver of the art of famping mufic in England was one Phillips,
“a Welchman, who might be faid to have ftolen it from one Fortier, a
“Frenchman, and a watch-maker.” It is barely poflible that Fortzer may
have been confounded with Fournier,

paper

wyenaid

APPENDIX. Io!

paper * and fo0-/barp type offend the patience of a reader more
fenfibly than the innovations I have already cenfured.

[P. 87.] I would fay fomething of the names in p. 87. but
that I am unwilling to drag them from the peaceful obfcurity
in which they are at prefent fheltered; and fhall conclude thefe
few ftrictures with tranfcribing fome mifcellaneous remarks
on various words which may properly be called technical in
Printing, from the margin of Mr. Bowyer’s valuable copy of
Palmer:

“Type from rizos, which in its primary fignification denotes
the mark that any thing leaves. Vhus, the PRINT of the nails:
_ tumos from ritw, verbero, ferio, though fome copies read
romos, Quibus impreffa argilla typum fecit. Plin. évdverar
tunos, Plat. imprimitur typus, ut citat Grot. ad Joan. xx. 25.
(2) The image or pattern of any thing.
(3) A pattern. An original to be imitated. 1 Theff. i. 7; as
well as a copy which has been imitated from an original:
for, like our Englifh word Copy, it has both fignifications.

Tumos rapa 76 TUr%v, quod non fcribendo, fed impreffione feu
percuflione efficiatur, unde ars typographica. Beza ad Joan.
xX. 25.

Téros, a mark of any thing, Signum. The Romans anciently
tied their wills and other written inftruments with a ftring,
and fealed it; which adction was exprefled by the word
Signare. Under the Conftantinopolitan emperors, the Seals
were fixed on the margin of their inftruments, and in fome
were appendent to them. The fealing and figning being now
done together, both actions were exprefled by the word
Signo, to fign. Signum in Greek was called rvmos, and Sig-

* «When Bafkerville came to Cambridge, we told him that the exceed-
“ing fharpnefs of his letter, and the glofly whitenefs of his paper, both
“beyond any thing that we had been ufed to, would certainly offend;
‘‘and we {poke much in praife of, and fhewed him, the paper with an
“yellow caft, on which H. Stephen’s capital editions are printed. This,
‘“‘he told us, he could eafily imitate, and accordingly executed fome fheets ;
“‘but they were by no means the thing, the colouring not being uniformly
“difperfed, but clouded or waved likea quire of paper {tained with rain.
“I fuppofe Caxton’s complaint of the wit paper (Origin of Printing,
“‘p. 44) arofe from his having been ufed to read writings on vellum.”

The perfon mentioned in the preceding note.

naculum,

102 APPENDIX.

naculum, the feal; rvrwrjpiov. Sometimes they {tampt their
name, which was rvzos. Hence applied to the printer’s let-
ters. The pendent feals being embofled were called B3AAa,
being like the Bulle which the children of the Romans
anciently wore. Whence the Papal inftruments themfelves
were called BULLS; and the printers BALLs from the
fame original, being protuberant and {welling. Salm. de Sig-
nand. Teftam. p. 42.

As the Greek word Type denoted a fingle letter, fo the Latin
word For Ma denoted one fide of a fheet. Thus Erafmus,
in a letter to Latimer, fpeaking of the firft edition of his
Greek Teftament being rather too haftily done: ¢ Editum
‘eft pro temporis anguftia fatis accurate, verum mihi pra-
‘ter expectationem bona temporis pars preecaftigandis E x-
‘EMPLARIBUSac FORMISs denique corrigendis erat infer-
‘vienda,’ &c. i.e. in preparing the COPY, and correéting the
Proofs. See in Knight’s Life of Erafmus, p. 29. Thus
Form likewife feems to have been borrowed from the civil

daw. The Emperors letters, being large and written on
one fide of a fheet, were called rou Gpaypahkol, and
FORMATA, or FORMATAE EPISTOLAE, Cone. VI. in
Trullo c. 39. See D. Heinf. on A&. xxin. 25. and from
him Grotius. Toland, in the Collection of his Pieces 1726,
p- 297, thinks the Printers term of a Form came from the
ufe of the word among the beft writers: FoRM @ Utera-
rum, Cic. de Nat. Deor. |. ii. c. 20. But he is poffibly mif-
taken. It is applied by the Printers to one fide of a fheet,
juft as the Formate Epiftole of the latter ages. Single types
were fometimes called Forme*, compofing FoRMATIO,
and printing ars fermand:. See Meerman, vol. I. p. 10.

Charta, Gr. xapziov, originally fignified not a paper in general,
but a roll of paper, like a battoon, from xaprés, bacillum,
Hefych. Hence Catullus, tribus chartis, for three volumes.
If. Voff. de LXX Int. c. xx. p. 67. Vid. & Salm. H. A.
Script. — Jof. Scal. Anizmad. in Guiland. derives it from
xaipew, the word with which they began their letters, as
J. Alberti Obf. Phil. in Jac. i. 1.

* Thus Trithemius, “invenerunt modum fundendi formas; and Potken,
“libri in diverfis linguis formis zneis excufi.” See Origin of Printing,
p- 89. 121.

Tympanum

APPENDIX. 103

Tympanum fignified the great feals, which made the impref-
fions on the pendent feals. Rob. Mont. in Supplem. Sigeb.
— privilegium Bulla aurea tympanoimpreffa roboratum.Salm.
ut fupra, p. 325. Hence perhaps the Printers Tympan,
which comes between the platten and the fheets, and is the
immediate occafion of the impreflion.

Codex, from Caudex, whence Codicill:. Little pocket-books
containing leaves of wood waxed over (not paper or parch-
ment), in which the copies of letters were often written,
or memorandums, and fometimes a note to a friend near
hand. So Ep. Fam. IV. 12. Puer Acidini mihi obviam venit
cum codicillis. See alfo 1X. 26. Epiftola, or Volumen, was a
roll of paper fealed on the outfide. Hence interior Epi/tola,
Cic. ad Fr. III. 1. the inner part of the Roll, that which
was nearer the end, that being rolled in firft. Cic. ad App.

VoLuMEN ate plenum querela iniquiffimereddiderunt. Vid.
Man. ad loc. Cic. & ad lib. IX. Fam. ep. 26. p. 44.

Sheet, from cyidiov Scheda, Sceaz. Salm. ad Hift. Aug. Script.
ad Firmum Vopifci, c. 3. p. 701. ‘As much paper as
‘is made in one body; a fingle complication or fold of
‘paper in a book.’ Dr. ‘Fohnfon.

Scapus, properly Quaternio, a Quire, originally xx fheets,
afterwards x fheets folded together.

Liber, any number of fheets fo folded. Liber, from B.Bréov,
/Eol. BiBdos, the inner bark of trees, applied to a book be-
caufe firft they wrote on barks of trees. Salm. p. 409. [See
Fad. 1307. |

Signature, from Signatura; whichin the language of the Lower
Age fignified fgning, whichthe Roman Authors would have
ufed for /ealing. See Salm. de Mod. Uf. p. 450, &c.”

JAN:
Nov. 16, 1779.

Fhe Committee on Publications of The Groker Club
certifies that this copy of Edward Rowe Mores’
“Dissertation upon English Typographical Foun-
ders and Founderies”’ 1s one of an edition of two
hundred and fifty copies, printed on Vidalon paper
by D.B. Updike, The Merrymount Press, Boston.

The press-work was completed in
June, 1924

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